Preface to the Series -- Preface to this Volume -- Contents -- About the Series and Volume -- About the Series and Volume Editor -- 1. Classification and Phylogeny OF Birds -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 NON-PASSERINES -- 1.2.1 Basal Relationships -- 1.2.2 Palaeognathae -- 1.2.3 Galloanserae -- 1.2.3.1 Relationships within Gall iformes -- 1.2.3.2 Relationships within Anseriformes -- 1.2.4 Neoaves -- 1.2.4.1 Monophyly of neoavian orders -- 1.2.4.2 Relationships between neoavian orders (or their monophyletic fragments) -- 1.2.4.3 Relationships within neoavian orders (or their monophyletic fragments) -- 1.2.4.4 Monophyly of neoavian families -- 1.2.4.5 Relationships within neoavian families -- 1.2.4.6 Monophyly of neoavian genera -- 1.2.5 Classification of Non-passerines -- 1.3 PASSERINES -- 1.3.1 Monophyly of Passeriformes -- 1.3.2 Monophyly of Passerine Families and Genera -- 1.3.3 Basal Relationships within Passerines -- 1.3.4 Relationships within New World Suboscines -- 1.3.4.1 Furnarii -- 1.3.4.2 Tyranni -- 1.3.5 Relationships within the Corvidan grade -- 1.3.5.1 Menuroidea and other near-basal groups -- 1.3.5.2 Meliphagoidea and other groups outside Corvoidea -- 1.3.5.3 Corvodea -- 1.3.6 Relationships within Passerida -- 1.3.6.1 Groups not within any superfamily -- 1.3.6.2 Sylvioidea -- 1.3.6.3 Certhioidea -- 1.3.6.4 Muscicapoidea -- 1.3.6.5 Passeroidea -- 1.4 CONCLUSION -- 1.5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 1.6 LITERATURE CITED -- 2. Anatomy of the Testis and Male Reproductive Tract -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.1.1 Testis Shape, Asymmetry and Size -- 2.1.2 Body Temperature and Testis Function in Birds -- 2.1.3 Consistency and Structure of the Testis -- 2.1.4 The Excurrent Ducts of the Testis -- 2.1.5 Blood Supply to the Reproductive Organs -- 2.2 THE TESTIS -- 2.2.1 The Testicular Capsule -- 2.2.2 Seminiferous Tubules -- 2.2.3 Sertoli Cells.

2.2.3.1 Functions of the Sertoli Cell -- 2.2.4 Interstitial Tissue of the Testis -- 2.2.4.1 The boundary (peritubular) tissue -- 2.2.4.2 The interstitium -- 2.2.4.3 The Leydig cell -- 2.2.4.4 Functions of the intertubular tissue -- 2.3 THE EXCURRENT DUCTS OF THE TESTIS -- 2.3.1 The Rete Testis -- 2.3.1.1 Surface features of the rete testis tubules/lacunae -- 2.3.1.2 The histology and ultrastructure of the rete testis cells -- 2.3.1.3 Functions of the rete testis -- 2.3.2 The Efferent Ducts (Ductuli Efferentes) -- 2.3.2.1 Surface morphology of the efferent ducts -- 2.3.2.2 Histology and ultrastructure of the efferent duct epithelia -- 2.3.3 The Epididymal Duct Unit -- 2.3.3.1 General organization and features -- 2.3.3.2 The ductus deferens and its modifications -- 2.3.3.3 Surface features of the epididymal duct unit -- 2.3.3.4 Histology of the epididymal duct unit -- 2.3.3.5 Ultrastructure of the epididymal duct unit -- 2.4 APPENDIX EPIDIDYMIDIS -- 2.5 THE PHALLUS -- 2.6 HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS -- 2.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- LITERATURE CITED -- 3. Anatomy and Evolution of Copulatory Structures -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF COPULATORY STRUCTURES -- 3.3 FORM AND FUNCTION -- 3.3.1 Ancestral Phalluses -- 3.3.2 Bird Phalluses -- 3.3.2.1 Palaeognathae -- 3.3.2.2 Neognathae -- 3.3.3 Bird Cloacal Protuberances and other Structures -- 3.4 ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF IOs -- 3.4.1 Natural Selection Hypotheses -- 3.4.2 Sexual Selection Hypotheses -- 3.5 FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- 3.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 3.7 LITERATURE CITED -- 4. Developmental Anatomy of the Female Reproductive Tract -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 EARLY MULLERIAN DUCT DEVELOPMENT -- 4.3 REGRESSION OF THE RIGHT MULLERIAN DUCT AND DIFFERENTIATION OF THE LEFT ONE -- 4.4 THE RIGHT MULLERIAN DUCT AFTER HATCHING.

4.5 RUDIMENTS OF MESONEPHROS AND WOLFFIAN DUCT N FEMALES AFTER HATCHING -- 4.6 STRUCTURE OF THE HEN'S OVIDUCT DURING EGG PRODUCTION -- 4.6.1 Overview -- 4.6.2 Infundibulum -- 4.6.3 Magnum -- 4.6.4 Isthmus -- 4.6.5 Uterus -- 4.6.6 Vagina -- 4.7 LITERATURE CITED -- 5. Endocrinology of Reproduction -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS AFFECTING REPRODUCTION -- 5.2.1 The Reproductive Life History Stage and Its Organization -- 5.2.2 Classification of Environmental Signals Affecting Reproduction -- 5.3 THE HYPOTHALAMUS AS A TRANSDUCER OF ENVIRONMENTAL CUES INTO HORMONAL SIGNALS -- 5.3.1 Hypothalamus -- 5.3.2 Median Eminence -- 5.3.3 Hypothalamic Nuclei and Tracts -- 5.3.4 Hypothalamo-hypophysial Postal System -- 5.3.5 Pars Nervosa -- 5.3.6 Hormones of the Pars Nervosa -- 5.4 ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (= ANTERIOR LOBE OF THE PITUITARY GLAND) -- 5.4.1 Pars Distalis and Pars Tuberalis -- 5.4.2 Hormones of the Pars Distalis and their Targets -- 5.4.3 The Hypothalamo-Adenohypophysial-Gonad Axis -- 5.4.4 Actions of FSH on Follicular Development-Ovarian Growth Factors -- 5.5 PINEAL BODY (EPIPHYSIS CEREBRI) -- 5.6 SEASONAL BREEDING, THYROID HORMONES AND PROLACTIN -- 5.6.1 Photoperiodism and Photorefractoriness -- 5.6.2 Absolute and Relative Photorefractoriness -- 5.6.3 Mechanisms Involved in the Detection and Transduction of Day Length -- 5.6.4 Physiological Mechanisms that have been suggested to be Involved in the Control of Photorefractoriness -- 5.7 A NEW LEVEL OF CONTROL OF AVIAN REPRODUCTION: NOVEL PEPTIDES -- 5.7.1 A Third Type of GnRH -- 5.7.2 Gonadotropin-Inhibitory Hormone (GnIH) -- 5.7.3 Relative Distributions of GnIH and GnRH -- 5.7.4 Actions of GnTH on Gonadotropin Synthesis and Release in Galliformes -- 5.7.5 Seasonal Dynamics and Functional Significance of GnIH in Passeriness -- 5.7.6 Regulation of GnIH Expression in the Brain -- 5.8 CONCLUSIONS.

5.9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 5.10 LITERATURE CITED -- 6. Ovarian Dynamics and Follicle Development -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 OVARY MORPHOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT -- 6.2.1 Development and Asymmetry -- 6.2.2 Primordial Germ Cells, Migration and Proliferation During Early Embryogenesis -- 6.2.3 Sexual Maturation -- 6.2.4 Seasonal Reproduction -- 6.2.5 Opportunistic Breeders -- 6.2.6 Reproductive Aging and Ovarian Senescence -- 6.2.7 Vascularization and Nervous Innervation of the Ovary -- 6.3 STEROIDOGENESIS AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS MEDIATING FOLLICLE GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION -- 6.3.1 Primordial and Primary Follicles -- 6.3.2 Prehierachal Follides -- 6.3.2.1 Granutosas and theca cells -- 6.3.2.2 Follicle selection into the preovulatory hierarchy -- 6.3.3 Preovulatory Follicles, Ovulation and Postovulatory Follicles -- 6.3.3.1 Preovulatory follicles -- 6.3.3.2 Preovulatory follicle granulosa and theca cells -- 6.3.3.3 Ovulation and postovulatory follicle -- 6.3.4 Follicle Atresia -- 6.3.4.1 Avian follicle atresia -- 6.3.4.2 Apoptosis as modulator of ovarian function and as a proximal cause of follicle atresia -- 6.3.5 Avian Clock Genes and Reproduction -- 6.4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 6.5 LITERATURE CITED -- 7. Spermatogenesis and Testicular Cycles -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 SPERMATOCYTOGENESIS -- 7.2.1 Spermatogonia -- 7.2.2 Spermatocytes -- 7.2.2.1 Primary spermatocytes -- 7.2.2.2 Secondary spermatocytes -- 7.2.2.3 Round spermatids -- 7.3 SPERMIOGENESIS -- 7.3.1 Spermiogenesis in Non-passerine Birds -- 7.3.2 Spermiogenesis in Passerine Birds -- 7.4 SPERMIATION -- 7.5 KINETICS OF SPERMATOGENESIS IN BIRDS -- 7.5.1 Wave of the Seminiferous Epithelium -- 7.5.2 Duration of Spermatogenesis -- 7.6 RESPONSE OF BIRDS TO REPRODUCTIVE DEMANDS ON THE TESTIS -- 7.7 TESTICULAR CYCLES -- 7.8 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON REPRODUCTION IN MALE BIRDS -- 7.8.1 Photoperiodism.

7.8.1.1 Supplementary environmental signals -- 7.8.1.1.1 Food availability -- 7.8.1.1.2 Ambient temperature -- 7.8.1.1.3 Overcrowding -- 7.9 CYCLICAL MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE TESTIS -- 7.9.1 Basic Distinguishing Structural Features of the Testis in Juvenile and Reproductively Resting Sexually Mature Birds -- 7.9.2 Structural Changes in the Testes of Sexually Mature Birds -- 7.10 CYCLICAL MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE EXCURRENT DUCTS OF THE TESTIS -- 7.10.1 The Reproductive (Active Secretory/Culmination) Phase -- 7.10.2 The Regression (Reconstructive/Regeneration) Phase -- 7.10.3 Refractory (Resting) Phase -- 7.10.4 Presecretion (Progressive/Acceleration) Phase -- 7.11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 7.12 LITERATURE CITED -- 8. Avian Spermatozoa: Structure and Phylogeny -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 AMNIOTE SPERMATOZOA, BASIC FEATURES -- 8.2.1 Amniote Sperm Plesiomorphies -- 8.2.2 Amniote Spermatozoal Synapomorphies -- 8.3 SPERMATOZOA OF CROCODYLIA -- 8.4 SPERMATOZOA OF AVES-INTRODUCTION -- 8.5 NEORNITHES -- 8.6 PALAEOGNATHAE -- 8.6.1 Order Struthioniformes -- 8.6.1.1 Taxa examined -- 8.6.1.2 Overview of struthioniform spermatozoa -- 8.6.1.3 Struthio comelus -- 8.6.1.4 Rhea americana albisceus -- 8.6.1.5 Dromaius novaehollandiae -- 8.6.2 Order Tinamiformes -- 8.6.2.1 Eudromia elegans -- 8.7 NEOGNATHAE -- 8.8 GALLOANSERAE -- 8.8.1 Order Galliformes -- 8.8.1.1 Gollus gollus (=domesticus) -- 8.8.1.2 Coturnix japonica -- 8.8.1.3 Coturnix chinensis -- 8.8.1.4 Meleagris gallopavo -- 8.8.1.5 Tragopan Caboti -- 8.8.1.6 Numida meleagris -- 8.8.2 Order Anseriformes -- 8.8.2.1 Anas platyrhynchos -- 8.8.2.2 Branta sandvicensis -- 8.8.2.3 Conclusion for Galloanserae -- 8.9 METAVES -- 8.9.1 Apodiformes -- 8.9.1.1 Apus (=Cypselus) apus -- 8.9.1.2 Apus melba -- 8.9.2 Order Caprimulgiformes -- 8.9.2.1 Caprimulgus europaeus -- 8.9.3 Order Columbiformes -- 8.10 CORONAVES.

8.10.1 Order Piciformes.