Research Applications -- The Many Faces of PNA -- Modulation of Nucleic Acid Information Processing by PNAs -- Targeted Gene Delivery -- Imaging Gene Expression in the Brain with Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) Antisense Radiopharmaceuticals and Drug Targeting Technology -- Receptor-Specific Targeting with Complementary Peptide Nucleic Acids Conjugated to Peptide Analogs and Radionuclides -- Morpholinos and PNAs Compared -- Chemistry of Locked Nucleic Acids (LNA) -- Recent Applications of RNA Interference (RNAi) in Mammalian Systems -- Clinical Applications -- Peptide Nucleic Acids as Epigenetic Inhibitors of HIV-1 -- Therapeutic Uses of Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNA) in Oncology -- PNAs as Novel Cancer Therapeutics -- Medicinal Chemistry of Plasmid DNA with Peptide Nucleic Acids -- Locked Nucleic Acids (LNA) and Medical Applications -- Peptide Nucleic Acids as Agents to Modify Target Gene Expression and Function -- Peptide Nucleic Acids -- The Use of PNAs and Their Derivatives in Mitochondrial Gene Therapy -- Gene Silencing through RNA Interference -- Transcriptional Activation of Human CREB Gene Promoter Using Bis-PNA (Peptide Nucleic Acid).