Maximizing U.S. Interests in Science and Technology Relations with Japan -- Copyright -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- OVERVIEW -- MAJOR FINDINGS -- Why Work Toward Technology Reciprocity? -- Previous Efforts and Initiatives Have Made Little Progress To Date -- Overcoming Obstacles Will Require Focused Persistent Efforts -- DEVELOPING A NEW APPROACH -- Reducing and Eliminating Barriers to Cooperation -- Integrating Enhanced Technology Cooperation and Alliance Management -- Organizing to Maximize U.S. Interests -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Defining U.S. Interests -- SUMMARY POINTS -- HISTORICAL OVERVIEW -- Changes During the 1980s -- THE NEW ENVIRONMENT -- IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. INTERESTS -- Defense Budgets -- Defense Capabilities -- What Sort of U.S.-Japan Security Alliance? -- The Course of Economic Relations -- 3 The Context for U.S.-Japan Defense and Industrial Technology Cooperation -- SUMMARY POINTS -- PATTERNS AND TRENDS IN OVERALL U.S.-JAPAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RELATIONS -- OVERVIEW OF U.S.-JAPAN DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL/TECHNOLOGY COOPERATION -- 4 Motivations and Mechanisms for Cooperation in Defense Technology -- SUMMARY POINTS -- POSSIBLE U.S. BENEFITS -- "Hard" Technology -- "Soft" Technology -- Leverage for Scarce Resources -- Influence and Goodwill -- MECHANISMS FOR COOPERATION -- Japanese Procurement of U.S. Systems: "Off-the-Shelf" and "Blended" Modes -- Japanese Licensed Production of U.S. Systems -- U.S.-Japan Codevelopment of Defense Systems -- Cooperation in the Development of Subsystems, Military Technologies, and Upgrades of Systems Deployed by Both Countries -- 5 U.S.-Japan Cooperation in Dual-Use Technologies: Pursuing Opportunities and Managing Risks -- SUMMARY POINTS -- ACCESSING JAPANESE COMMERCIAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR U.S. DEFENSE NEEDS -- Advanced Composites -- Optoelectronics.

Incorporating Japanese Commercial Technologies and Capabilities into U.S. Weapons Systems -- Government Facilitation of U.S.-Japan Private Sector Collaboration that Strengthens the U.S. Defense Industrial Base -- MANAGING DEPENDENCE ON JAPAN AND OTHER FOREIGN SOURCES FOR CRITICAL TECHNOLOGIES, COMPONENTS, AND EQUIPMENT -- POSSIBLE FUTURE CHALLENGES IN DUAL-USE AREAS -- 6 Looking to the Future: U.S. and Japanese Needs, Obstacles, and Alternative Approaches -- MUTUAL NEEDS -- GENERAL PATTERNS OF INTERACTION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. INTERESTS -- OBSTACLES TO COOPERATION AND POLICY OPTIONS -- Asymmetries in Capabilities and Institutions -- Japanese Government and Industry Attitudes -- Bilateral and U.S. Government Approaches -- 7 Maximizing U.S. Interests: Conclusions and Policy Recommendations -- CONCLUSIONS -- Importance and Context of the U.S.-Japan Alliance -- The Role of Science and Technology -- Japanese Defense and Technological Needs -- U.S. Interests in Japanese Technology and Reciprocity -- Results of Past Efforts -- Japanese Industry and Government Roles -- U.S. Industry and Government Roles -- Managing Collaboration in Major Systems -- Managing Dependence -- POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS -- Reducing and Eliminating Barriers to Cooperation -- Integrating Enhanced Technology Cooperation and Alliance Management -- Organizing to Maximize U.S. Interests -- Appendix A Summary of Past Studies on U.S.-Japan Defense Technology Cooperation -- BACKGROUND -- DEFENSE TECHNOLOGY COOPERATION WITH EUROPE AND JAPAN -- DEFENSE TECHNOLOGY COOPERATION WITH THE PACIFIC RIM -- Common Themes -- Follow-up to the Defense Science Board Studies -- Appendix B Japanese Technology and Efforts to Rebuild U.S. Commercial Shipbuilding: The Newport News Shipbuilding… -- BACKGROUND -- LIQUIFIED NATURAL GAS TANKER MARKET -- FUTURE PROSPECTS -- MARINE SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM.

Appendix C U.S. National Security and the Risks of Dependence on Foreign Technologies and High-echnology Products -- BACKGROUND -- SHORT-TERM RISKS -- LONG-TERM RISKS -- Technology Access -- INDUSTRIAL BASE EROSION -- Appendix D Possibilities for U.S.-Japan Cooperation in Theater Missile Defense -- BACKGROUND -- U.S. CAPABILITIES AND PLANS -- THEATER MISSILE DEFENSE IN JAPAN -- U.S.-JAPAN COOPERATION IN TMD -- Appendix E U.S.-Japan Industrial Relationships in the Aegis Foreign Military Sales Program -- BACKGROUND -- PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES -- IMPLEMENTATION -- BENEFITS TO THE UNITED STATES -- BENEFITS TO JAPAN -- ISSUES -- Appendix F Marketable Technology Permits: An Alternative Approach.