CONTENTS -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- CHAPTER 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Tense versus lax obstruents in German -- 1.2 The different functions of the speech sound -- 1.3 Distinctive features -- 1.4 Markedness -- 1.5 Functionalism and formalism -- 1.6 Phonetics and phonology -- CHAPTER 2. Voicing and Aspiration in the Literature -- 2.1 Introduction to the pronouncing dictionaries -- 2.2 Voicing and aspiration in the pronouncing dictionaries -- 2.2.1 WdA -- 2.2.2 Duden -- 2.2.3 Siebs -- 2.2.4 Summary -- 2.3 Transcription-based evidence -- 2.4 Evidence from acoustic phonetics -- 2.4.1 Aspiration duration -- 2.4.1.1 Aspiration in intervocalic position -- 2.4.1.2 Aspiration in utterance-initial position -- 2.4.1.3 Aspiration in post-voiceless position -- 2.4.2 Voicing -- 2.4.2.1 Voicing in intervocalic position -- 2.4.2.2 Voicing in utterance-initial position -- 2.4.2.3 Voicing in post-voiceless position -- 2.4.3 Comments on word-initial intervocalic context -- 2.4.4 Closure duration and vowel duration -- 2.4.5 Fricatives -- 2.4.6 Summary of the acoustic evidence in the literature -- CHAPTER 3. Acoustics: Temporal Parameters -- 3.1 Linguistic stimuli and contexts -- 3.2 Recording and processing -- 3.3 Subjects -- 3.4 Token exclusion -- 3.5 Measurement criteria -- 3.6 Measurement application -- 3.7 Statistical analysis -- 3.8 Results -- 3.9 Discussion -- 3.9.1 Evaluation of the results of Experiment 1 -- 3.9.2 Comparison with the literature -- CHAPTER 4. Acoustics: Perturbation Effects -- 4.1 Experiment 2: F0 perturbation -- 4.1.1 Introduction -- 4.1.2 Material -- 4.1.3 Measurements -- 4.1.4 Results -- 4.1.5 Discussion -- 4.1 Experiment 3: H1-H2 -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Material -- 4.2.3 Measurements -- 4.2.4 Results -- 4.2.5 Discussion -- CHAPTER 5. Distinctive Feature Analysis of Tense/Lax Stops.

5.1 Crosslinguistic aspects of the feature [tense] -- 5.2 Korean as a challenge for the feature [tense] -- 5.3 Other feature proposals -- 5.3.1 Nonlinear phonology -- 5.3.2 Kohler (1984) -- 5.3.3 Further proposals and summary -- 5.4 Distinctive feature analysis of German stops -- 5.4.1 Experimental results -- 5.4.2 Comparing [tense] and [spread] -- 5.4.3 Feature proposals in the literature -- 5.5 Further evidence for [tense] in German -- 5.5.1 Fricatives -- 5.5.2 Vowels -- 5.5.3 Word stress -- 5.5.4 The sound/h/ -- 5.5.5 Dialectology and historical linguistics -- 5.6 The adequacy of the term 'Final Devoicing' -- 5.6.1 The basic facts of 'Final Devoicing' -- 5.6.2 Discussing the term 'Final Devoicing' -- 5.7 Conclusion -- CHAPTER 6. Fricatives and Stop/Fricative Differences -- 6.1 Evaluation of the experimental data -- 6.2 Feature syncretism between voicing and tenseness -- 6.3 The markedness of stops and fricatives -- 6.3.1 German phonotactics -- 6.3.1.1 The Puzzle Constraint -- 6.3.1.2 The Initial-/s/ Constraint -- 6.3.2 Child language, aphasia, and phonological universals -- 6.3.2.1 Child language -- 6.3.2.2 Aphasia -- 6.3.2.3 Phonological universals -- 6.4 Crosslinguistic implications and conclusion -- CHAPTER 7. Articulation: Evidence from Transillumination -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The transillumination method -- 7.3 Results from the literature -- 7.4 The subject: objectivity and reliability -- 7.5 Recording procedure -- 7.6 Data processing -- 7.7 Linguistic stimuli -- 7.8 Measurement events and criteria -- 7.9 Measurement application -- 7.10 Results -- 7.10.1 Introductory remarks -- 7.10.2 Statistical procedures and results -- 7.11 Discussion of results -- 7.11.1 Glottal opening in lax obstruents: active or passive? -- 7.11.2 Size vs. timing of glottal opening as a tense/lax correlate -- 7.11.3 Comparison with the results for other languages.

7.12 General discussion: implications for distinctive feature theory -- CHAPTER 8. Perspectives -- 8.1 Conclusions -- 8.1.1 The phonology-phonetics connection -- 8.1.2 Features from a formal and a functional perspective -- 8.1.3 The distinctive features [voice] and [tense] and their correlates -- 8.1.3.1 Correlate types of [tense] -- 8.1.3.2 Inspiration from Kingston & Diehl on [voice] -- 8.1.3.3 Correlate sharing of [tense] and [voice] -- 8.1.3.4 Remaining issues -- 8.2 Future research -- 8.2.1 Speech perception -- 8.2.1.1 Stop perception -- 8.2.1.2 Fricative perception -- 8.2.1.3 Summary and research suggestions -- 8.2.2 Weakening and the rules vs. representations issue -- 8.3 Final discussion -- 8.3.1 Selective summary -- 8.3.2 The controversy -- Appendix -- A1 Full statistical report: tense versus lax obstruents -- A.2 Place of articulation and other variables -- Notes -- References -- Subject Index -- Name Index.