Wireless Sensor Networks -- Contents -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- Foreward -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Machine Intelligence on the Road -- 1.2 Definition of Intelligent Vehicles -- 1.3 Overview of Chapters -- References -- 2 Goals and Visions for the Future -- 2.1 Government Safety Goals -- 2.1.1 Asia-Pacific Region -- 2.1.2 Europe -- 2.1.3 North America -- 2.2 Visions for the Future -- 2.2.1 Europe's eSafety Vision [4] -- 2.2.2 Sweden's Vision Zero [11] -- 2.2.3 ITS America's Zero Fatalities Vision [12] -- 2.2.4 ITS Evolution in Japan -- 2.2.5 The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (TNO) [15] -- 2.2.6 France [16] -- 2.2.7 The Cybercar Approach [17] -- 2.2.8 Vision 2030 [18] -- 2.3 Summary -- References -- 3 IV Application Areas -- 3.1 Convenience Systems -- 3.1.1 Parking Assist -- 3.1.2 Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) -- 3.1.3 Low-Speed ACC -- 3.1.4 Lane-Keeping Assistance (LKA) -- 3.1.5 Automated Vehicle Control -- 3.2 Safety Systems -- 3.2.1 Assisting Driver Perception -- 3.2.2 Crash Prevention -- 3.2.3 Degraded Driving -- 3.2.4 Precrash -- 3.2.5 External Vehicle Speed Control (EVSC) -- 3.3 Productivity Systems -- 3.3.1 Truck Applications -- 3.3.2 Transit Bus Applications -- 3.4 Traffic-Assist Systems -- 3.4.1 Vehicle Flow Management (VFM) -- 3.4.2 Traffic-Responsive Adaptation -- 3.4.3 Traffic Jam Dissipation -- 3.4.4 Start-Up Assist -- 3.4.5 Cooperative ACC (C-ACC) -- 3.4.6 Platooning -- References -- 4 Government-Industry R&D Programs and Strategies -- 4.1 Asia-Pacific -- 4.1.1 Australia [1-3] -- 4.1.2 China [4] -- 4.1.3 Japan [5-8, 41] -- 4.1.4 South Korea [9, 10] -- 4.2 European Programs -- 4.2.1 Pan-European Activities Conducted Through the EC -- 4.2.2 The DeuFrako Program [16] -- 4.2.3 French Programs [17, 18] -- 4.2.4 IV Research in Germany -- 4.2.5 Activities in the Netherlands -- 4.2.6 IVSS in Sweden.

4.2.7 United Kingdom [29-31] -- 4.3 United States -- 4.3.1 U.S. DOT [33] -- 4.3.2 IV R&D at the State Level -- 4.3.3 IV R&D Under Way by the U.S. Department of Defense [40] -- 4.4 Contrasts Across IV Programs Worldwide -- References -- 5 IV Priorities and Strategies for the Vehicle Industry -- 5.1 Automobile Manufacturers -- 5.1.1 BMW [2] -- 5.1.2 DaimlerChrysler [3, 4] -- 5.1.3 Fiat [5] -- 5.1.4 Ford [6-8] -- 5.1.5 General Motors [9-12] -- 5.1.6 Honda [13, 14] -- 5.1.7 Mitsubishi [15] -- 5.1.8 Nissan [16-18] -- 5.1.9 PSA Peugeot Citroën [19-21] -- 5.1.10 Renault [22] -- 5.1.11 Subaru [23] -- 5.1.12 Toyota [18, 24-28] -- 5.1.13 Volkswagen (VW) [29] -- 5.1.14 Volvo Global Trucks [4, 30] -- 5.2 Automotive Industry Suppliers -- 5.2.1 Aisin Group [31, 32] -- 5.2.2 Bosch [33] -- 5.2.3 Continental [34, 35] -- 5.2.4 Delphi [36-38] -- 5.2.5 Denso [39-41] -- 5.2.6 Hella [42] -- 5.2.7 IBEO Automobile Sensor [43] -- 5.2.8 MobilEye [44] -- 5.2.9 Siemens VDO Automotive [45-48] -- 5.2.10 TRW's Three-Phase Roadmap [49, 50] -- 5.2.11 Valeo: Seeing and Being Seen [51-53] -- 5.2.12 Visteon [54, 55] -- 5.3 Automotive Industry Summary -- References -- 6 Lateral/Side Sensing and Control Systems -- 6.1 Lane Departure Warning System (LDWS) -- 6.1.1 LDWS Approaches [1] -- 6.1.2 LDWS on the Market -- 6.1.3 LDWS Evaluations -- 6.2 Road Departure Warning Systems (RDWS) -- 6.2.1 Curve Speed Warning -- 6.2.2 U.S. DOT Road Departure Warning Field Operational Testing [19-22] -- 6.3 Lane Keeping Assist Systems (LKA) -- 6.3.1 System Approaches -- 6.3.2 LKA Systems on the Market -- 6.4 Parallel Parking Assist [14, 26, 27] -- 6.5 Side Sensing: Blind Spot Monitoring and Lane Change Assistance (LCA) -- 6.5.1 Radar-Based Systems [29-31] -- 6.5.2 Vision-Based Systems [32] -- 6.5.3 Ultrasonic-Based Side Object Sensing For Transit Buses [33].

6.6 Comprehensive Lateral Control Assistance (LCA) -- 6.6.1 INVENT: LCA [34] -- 6.6.2 PReVENT [35] -- 6.7 Rollover Collision Avoidance (RCA) for Heavy Trucks [36, 37] -- 6.8 Summary -- References -- 7 Longitdinal Sensing and Control Systems -- 7.1 Rear Sensing for Parking -- 7.1.1 System Description [1, 2] -- 7.1.2 Market Aspects -- 7.2 Night Vision -- 7.2.1 System Description [2, 4] -- 7.2.2 Night Vision Systems -- 7.2.3 Market Aspects -- 7.3 Adaptive Front Lighting (AFS) -- 7.3.1 System Description -- 7.3.2 System Descriptions [1, 7] -- 7.3.3 Market Aspects [8] -- 7.4 Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) -- 7.4.1 ACC Sensor Technologies and Trade-offs -- 7.4.2 High-Speed ACC -- 7.4.3 Low-Speed ACC -- 7.4.4 Full-Speed Range ACC -- 7.5 Safe Gap Advisory -- 7.5.1 System Description -- 7.5.2 Research and Evaluation -- 7.6 Forward Collision Warning -- 7.6.1 System Description -- 7.6.2 Market Aspects -- 7.6.3 Evaluation of FCW: The ACAS Field Operational Test [25, 26] -- 7.7 Rear Impact Countermeasures -- 7.8 Precrash Brake Assist -- 7.8.1 System Description -- 7.8.2 Market Aspects -- 7.9 Forward Crash Mitigation (FCM) and Avoidance-Active Braking -- 7.9.1 System Description -- 7.9.2 Market Aspects [30, 31] -- 7.9.3 FCM Research [22] -- 7.9.4 Forward Collision Avoidance -- 7.10 Pedestrian Detection and Avoidance -- 7.10.1 System Description -- 7.10.2 Market Aspects [34] -- 7.10.3 Ongoing R&D -- 7.11 Next Generation Sensors -- 7.11.1 Next Generation Sensors-Radar -- 7.11.2 Next Generation Sensors-Laser Scanners [46] -- 7.12 Summary and Observations -- References -- 8 Integrated Lateral and Longitudinal Control and Sensing Systems -- 8.1 Sensor Fusion -- 8.1.1 CARSENSE for Urban Environments [1] -- 8.1.2 Data Fusion Approach in INVENT [3, 4] -- 8.1.3 ProFusion [5-7] -- 8.2 Applications -- 8.2.1 Autonomous Intersection Collision Avoidance (ICA) [3, 10, 11].

8.2.2 Bus Transit Integrated Collision Warning System [12] -- 8.2.3 Integrated Vehicle-Based Safety System (IVBSS) Program [13] -- 8.2.4 PReVENT Integrated Systems [14] -- 8.3 User and Societal Assessments of Integrated Systems [15-17] -- 8.4 Summary -- References -- 9 Cooperative Vehicle-Highway Systems (CVHS) -- 9.1 Wireless Communications as a Foundation for Cooperative Systems -- 9.1.1 Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) [2] -- 9.1.2 Transceiver Development for North American DSRC [6] -- 9.1.3 Wireless Access Vehicular Environment (WAVE) [7] -- 9.1.4 Continuous Air-Interface for Long and Medium (CALM) Distance Communications -- 9.1.5 Intervehicle Communications Using Ad Hoc Network Techniques -- 9.1.6 Radar-Based Intervehicle Communications [2, 15] -- 9.1.7 Millimeter-Wave (MMW)-Based Intervehicle Communications -- 9.2 Digital Maps and Satellite Positioning in Support of CVHS -- 9.2.1 Map-Enabled Safety Applications -- 9.2.2 ActMAP: Real-Time Map Updating [23] -- 9.3 Cooperative Applications: Longitudinal Advisories -- 9.3.1 Japanese Operational Testing -- 9.3.2 Wireless Local Danger Warnings -- 9.4 Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) -- 9.4.1 ISA in Sweden [27] -- 9.4.2 LAVIA: The French Project of Adaptive Speed Limiter [28] -- 9.4.3 ISA-UK [29] -- 9.4.4 PROSPER [23, 30] -- 9.4.5 Australian ISA Research -- 9.5 Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance (ICA) -- 9.5.1 ICA Research in Japan [34] -- 9.5.2 ICA Work in the United States [35, 36] -- 9.5.3 Cooperative ICA R&D in Europe [42] -- 9.6 Cooperative Approaches for Vulnerable Road Users -- 9.7 CVHS as an Enabler for Traffic Flow Improvement -- 9.7.1 Traffic Assistance Strategies for Improving Stable Flow -- 9.7.2 Traffic Assistance Strategies To Prevent Flow Breakdown [47-50] -- 9.7.3 Traffic Assistance Strategies Within Congestion [52] -- 9.7.4 STARDUST Analyses [55].

9.8 Business Case and Deployment Projects -- 9.8.1 Automotive Deployment for Cooperative Systems [7, 56] -- 9.8.2 Commercial Telematics CVHS Activities [57, 58] -- 9.8.3 Public-Sector CVHS Deployment Initiatives -- 9.8.4 U.K. CVHS Study [60] -- 9.8.5 CVHS Deployment Research Initiatives -- 9.9 Summary -- References -- 10 Fully Automated Vehicles -- 10.1 Passenger Car Automation -- 10.1.1 Highway Automation -- 10.1.2 Low-Speed Automation [3] -- 10.1.3 Ongoing Work in Vehicle-Highway Automation -- 10.1.4 User Attitudes Toward Automated Vehicle Operations -- 10.2 Truck Automation -- 10.2.1 Electronic Tow-Bar Operations and Driver Assistance -- 10.2.2 Truck Automation for Long-Haul Application: Deployment Studies -- 10.2.3 Automation in Short-Haul Drayage Operations [10] -- 10.2.4 Insertion of Automated Truck Lanes in Urban Areas [11] -- 10.3 Automated Public Transport -- 10.3.1 ParkShuttle [12] -- 10.3.2 Intelligent Multimode Transit System (IMTS) [13] -- 10.3.3 Phileas [14, 15] -- 10.3.4 Bus Platooning R&D at PATH [11] -- 10.4 CyberCars [16] -- 10.5 Automated Vehicle for Military Operations [19] -- 10.6 Deployment Options -- References -- 11 Extending the Information Horizon Through Floating Car Data Systems -- 11.1 FCD Applications -- 11.2 Policy Issues Relating to FCD Techniques [1] -- 11.3 Technical Issues -- 11.3.1 Data Reporting -- 11.3.2 Data Dissemination [3] -- 11.3.3 Data Cleansing -- 11.4 FCD Activity in Japan -- 11.4.1 Road Performance Assessments -- 11.4.2 Taxi-Based Probe Experiments [4] -- 11.4.3 Traffic Condition Detection Using Efficient Data Reporting Techniques [5] -- 11.5 European FCD Activity -- 11.5.1 Commercial FCD Services -- 11.5.2 Research and Development Toward Next Generation FCD Services -- 11.6 FCD Projects in the United States -- 11.6.1 U.S. DOT VII -- 11.6.2 I-Florida -- 11.6.3 Ford FCD Experiments [14, 15].

11.6.4 Indiana Real-Time Transportation Infrastructure Information System [16-18].