Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- 1. Confronting the Global Challenge -- 2. Climate Change Impacts in Latin America and the Caribbean -- 3. Adapting to a Changing Climate in the Latin America and the Caribbean Region -- 4. Mitigation Efforts: Moving Beyond the First Generation of Emission Reductions -- 5. Latin America and the Caribbean Region's GHG Emissions -- 6. Climate Change Mitigation in the Latin America and the Caribbean Region: No Regrets and Beyond -- Appendix: Authors of Background Papers -- Bibliography -- Index -- Boxes -- 3.1 Local Coping Strategies: Learning from Long Experience -- 3.2 Efficiencies and Costs of Water Adaptation Strategies: The Case of Rio Bravo -- 3.3 ENSO and the LCR: Use of Climate Predictions to Respond to Weather Variations -- 3.4 The Insurance Role of Safety Nets: Experiences from Nicaragua and Honduras -- 3.5 Weather Insurance Mechanisms -- 3.6 Nonfacilitative Adaptation: In Some Areas, Direct Government Action Will Be Required -- 3.7 Coping with Drought in Northeast Brazil: The Role of Government -- 3.8 Monitoring Is the First Step in Designing Assistance for Ecosystems' Adaptation -- 3.9 Managing Ecosystems in the LCR: Ongoing Projects -- 3.10 Bridging the Gap between Climate Change and Agricultural Technology: Embrapa -- 3.11 Developing Response Strategies to Reduce Vulnerability of Agriculture to Climate Change -- 3.12 Real Options Methodologies -- 3.13 Private and Public Agricultural Research for Climate Change: It Takes Time -- 3.14 The Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF) -- 6.1 Supporting Policies Have Different Effects on Incentives, Investment Certainty, and Costs -- 6.2 More Effective and Efficient Environmental Licensing Is Needed to Unleash the Region's Potential for Hydropower -- 6.3 Unintended Consequences of Combining Biofuel Mandates with Tax Credits.

6.4 Conserving Electricity in Brazil -- 6.5 Energy Efficiency in Mexico -- 6.6 Examples of Transport and Land-Use Planning in Bogotá, Colombia -- 6.7 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Mitigation Measures in Mexico's Transport Sector -- 6.8 Severe Soil Erosion Precipitates the Adoption of Zero Tillage in Brazil -- 6.9 Supporting Customized Solutions through the FCPF -- 6.10 Paying to Protect Forests through ProÁrbol in Mexico -- 6.11 Conservation Banking to Reduce Deforestation and Protect Biodiversity -- Figures -- 1.1 Retreat of the Chacaltaya Glacier in Bolivia -- 1.2 Sector Composition of Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 1.3 Actual versus Projected Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 1.4 Impact of Climate Change on the Frequency of Extreme Weather Events -- 1.5 Marginal Mitigation Cost and Avoided Damage (Benefit) -- 1.6 Impact on Optimal Policies of Unexpected Changes in Marginal Mitigation Costs -- 1.7 McKinsey's Global Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Curve Beyond Business-as-Usual, 2030 -- 1.8 Damage Costs of Different Levels of Global Warming -- 2.1 Time Series of North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones and Sea Surface Temperature -- 2.2 Climate-Related Disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean Region versus the Rest of the World Index -- 2.3 Effects of Climate Change on Poverty, Brazilian Municipalities -- 2.4 Retreat of the Chacaltaya Glacier in Bolivia -- 2.5 Projected Sea Level Rise and Its Impact on GDP in Latin America and the Caribbean Region -- 3.1 Estimates of the Long-Term Effects of Droughts on Wages in Brazil -- 4.1 Climate Stabilization Paths -- 4.2 Historic Trends in Per Capita GDP and Per Capita CO2 Energy Emissions -- 4.3 Historic Trends in Per Capita GDP and CO2 Energy Emissions over GDP -- 4.4 A Possible Scheme for Gradual Incorporation of Developing Countries.

4.5 Cumulative Number of Projects in the Clean Development Mechanism Pipeline, by Country/Region of Origin -- 4.6 Primary Clean Development Mechanism Transactions for Compliance, by Country/Region of Origin -- 4.7 Cumulative 2012 Certified Emission Reductions from the Clean Development Mechanism Pipeline, by Country/Region of Origin -- 4.8 Shares of 2012 Clean Development Mechanism's Certified Emission Reductions and Non-LULUCF Emissions (Non-Annex I Countries) -- 4.9 Clean Development Mechanism Portfolio in Latin America and the Caribbean Region, by Country, 2012 Certified Emission Reductions -- 4.10 Clean Development Mechanism Portfolio in Latin America and the Caribbean Region and Asia, by Sector, 2012 -- 5.1 Latin America and the Caribbean Region's Share of Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 2000 -- 5.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Latin America and the Caribbean Region and Other Developing Regions, versus GDP and Population, 2000 -- 5.3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Per Capita and Per GDP -- 5.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions by G-8 and Major Developing Countries -- 5.5 Sector Composition of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 2000 -- 5.6 Composition of Total Primary Energy Supply for Latin America and the Caribbean Region and the World, 1990 and 2004 -- 5.7 Composition of Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions for Latin America and the Caribbean Region and the World, 1980 and 2004 -- 5.8 Latin America and the Caribbean Region's Electricity Generation Mix, 1981-2006 -- 5.9 Latin America and the Caribbean Region's Carbon Intensity of Electricity and Share of Thermal Generation, 1980-2006 -- 5.10 Composition of Latin America and the Caribbean Region's Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 2000 -- 5.11 Composition and Share of Latin America and the Caribbean Region's Emissions from Land Use Change, 2000 -- 5.12 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Non-Land Use/Land Use Change and Forestry, 2000.

5.13 Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions for Selected Latin America and the Caribbean Region Countries, 2000 -- 5.14 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Per Capita for Selected Latin America and the Caribbean Region Countries, 2000 -- 5.15 Greenhouse Gas Emissions per GDP for Selected Latin America and the Caribbean Region Countries, 2000 -- 5.16 Per Capita Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions -- 5.17 Intensities of Energy Use and Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions -- 5.18 Indexes of Carbon, Energy, and Emission Intensity, and Per Capita GDP, 2000 -- 5.19 Summary Kaya Decomposition of Changes in Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions, 1980-2005 -- 5.20 Kaya Decomposition of Changes in Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions, by Subperiods, 1980-2005 -- 5.21 Energy Intensity and Primary Energy Use, 2004 -- 5.22 Oil Intensities of Selected Latin America and the Caribbean Region and OECD Countries -- 5.23 Trends in Per Capita Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions for Selected Latin America and the Caribbean Region Countries -- 5.24 Intensity of Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions Per Capita GDP, Selected Latin America and the Caribbean Region Countries, 1980-2005 -- 5.25 Intensity of Energy Use and Carbon Intensity of Energy, Selected Latin America and the Caribbean Region Countries, 1980-2005 -- 5.26 Kaya Decomposition of Projected Changes in Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions, by Subperiods, Selected Latin America and the Caribbean Region Countries, 1980-2005 -- 5.27 Projected Increases in Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions, Baseline, and Optimistic IEA Scenarios for Latin America and the Caribbean Region, OECD, and Other Developing Countries, 2004-30 -- 5.28 Kaya Decomposition of Projected Changes in Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions, Baseline, and Optimistic International Energy Agency Scenarios for Latin America and the Caribbean Region, OECD, and Other Developing Countries, 2004-30.

5.29 Projected Total Primary Energy Supply under Baseline and Optimistic IEA Scenarios for Latin America and the Caribbean Region, OECD, and Other Developing Countries, 2004-30 -- 6.1 Low Reliance on Coal and High Reliance on Hydro-Electric, Oil, and Biomass in Latin America and the Caribbean Region, 2005 -- 6.2 Hydroelectric Potential in Latin America and the Caribbean Region -- 6.3 Wind Power Potential in Mexico -- 6.4 Conversion of Natural Forest to Second-Generation Biofuels in Latin America and the Caribbean Region -- 6.5 Generation Costs of Hydro Are Often Lower than for Gas and Coal-Based Power -- 6.6 Average Electricity Tariff in Brazil, 1974-2006 -- 6.7 Mexico's Tariff Structure and Electricity Consumption -- 6.8 Mexico-Improvements in Thermal Generation Efficiency -- 6.9 Transport Sector Emissions in Latin America and the Caribbean Region -- 6.10 Emission Levels Can Be Determined by Three Variables -- 6.11 Six Scenarios Estimating Technical Potential to Reduce Latin America and the Caribbean Region's Emissions through Landfill Gas Projects in the CDM -- 6.12 Agricultural Non-CO2 Emissions by Region and Source, 2005 -- 6.13 Projected Cumulative Emissions from Agriculture, by Region, 1990-2020 -- 6.14a Marginal Abatement Cost of Reducing Latin America and the Caribbean Region's Livestock Sector Emissions -- 6.14b Marginal Abatement Cost of Reducing Latin America and the Caribbean Region's Emissions through Soil Management -- 6.15a Carbon Emissions from Deforestation -- 6.15b Annual Deforestation in the Amazon, 1990-2001 -- 6.16 Falling Emissions Because of Strong Conservation in the Amazon -- 6.17 Potential Area (in hectares) for CDM-A/R by Country (Without Considering Protected Areas) -- Maps -- 1.1 Latin America and the Caribbean Region's Exposure to Natural Disasters under Current Climate Conditions.

1.2 Expected Changes in Latin America and the Caribbean Region Climate Risks from 1981-2000 to 2031-50 Based on Eight Global Circulation Models and Levels of Model Concordance.