MAPPING THE CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT OF URBAN AREAS -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- PART 1: GENERAL ASPECTS AND METHODOLOGIES -- 1 Introduction -- References -- 2 Urban Geochemical Mapping: A Review of Case Studies in this Volume -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methodologies and strategies for urban sampling -- 2.3 Chemical analysis -- 2.4 Quality control -- 2.5 Interpreting and presenting the results -- 2.6 Legislation -- 2.7 Communication -- 2.8 Future trends -- References -- 3 Sample Preparation and Inorganic Analysis for Urban Geochemical Survey Soil and Sediment Samples -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Field sample preservation -- 3.3 Physical sample preparation -- 3.4 Determination of bulk properties -- 3.5 Analytical sample preparation -- 3.6 Instrumental analysis for inorganic analytes -- 3.7 Application of quality assurance -- 3.8 Health and safety issues -- References -- 4 Organic Analysis for Urban Geochemical Survey Soil Samples -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Field sample preservation -- 4.3 Organic sample preparation -- 4.4 Instrumental analysis for organic analytes -- 4.5 Application of quality assurance/quality control -- References -- 5 Understanding the Quality of Chemical Data from the Urban Environment - Part 1: Quality Control Procedures -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Preparing for quality control -- 5.3 Operational aspects of quality control -- 5.4 Assessing data quality -- 5.5 Data storage -- 5.6 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Understanding the Quality of Chemical Data from the Urban Environment - Part 2: Measurement Uncertainty in the Decision-Making Process -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Estimation of uncertainty due to sampling and analysis -- 6.3 Practical detection limit and analytical precision.

6.4 Limitations of the geochemical data set: quality and reliability -- 6.5 Effects of uncertainty and probabilistic risk assessment maps -- 6.6 Worked examples -- 6.7 Probabilistic risk assessment mapping using kriging -- 6.8 Discussion and conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Data Analysis for Urban Geochemical Data -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Preparations for data analysis -- 7.3 Urban geochemistry of Berlin -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Sources of Anthropogenic Contaminants in the Urban Environment -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Heavy metals -- 8.3 Gaseous pollutants -- 8.4 Organic compounds -- 8.5 Discussion and conclusions -- References -- 9 Building Materials: An Important Source for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Urban Soils -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 What are PCBs? -- 9.3 PCBs in the urban environment: levels and concerns -- 9.4 Discussion: the road ahead -- References -- 10 Children, Soils, and Health: How Do Polluted Soils Influence Children's Health? -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Sources of arsenic, lead, BaP and PCB in urban soils -- 10.3 Exposure, uptake and health effects -- 10.4 Discussion and conclusions -- References -- 11 Hazard and Exposure Assessment in Contaminated Land Investigations and Environmental Management -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Site conceptual model -- 11.3 Hazard and exposure assessment -- 11.4 Environmental management -- 11.5 Risk perception and communication -- 11.6 Discussion and conclusions -- 11.7 Recommendations -- References -- 12 Regulation and Administration of Soil Pollution in Trondheim, Norway: Development of Awareness, Land Use-Specific Criteria and Local Disposal Facilities -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Raising awareness of soil pollution in site development -- 12.3 Increasing predictability -- 12.4 Increasing disposal and storage facilities -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References.

PART 2: CASE STUDIES -- 13 Soil Geochemical Baselines in UK Urban Centres: The G-BASE Project -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 G-BASE urban geochemistry methods -- 13.3 Results -- 13.4 Discussion of G-BASE urban geochemical data -- 13.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 14 Geochemical Baseline Levels and Suggested Local Guideline Values in Urban Areas in Sweden -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Methods -- 14.3 Study area description -- 14.4 Results -- 14.5 Discussion and conclusions -- References -- 15 Using Geochemical Baselines in the Assessment of Soil Contamination in Finland -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Geochemical baselines in the assessment procedure -- 15.3 Data producers and the national database -- 15.4 Example: geochemical baseline data from the Pirkanmaa region and a study site -- 15.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 The Scale of an Urban Contamination Footprint: Results from a Transect through Oslo, Norway -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Sampling and analytical methods -- 16.3 Results -- 16.4 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Urban Geochemistry of Berlin, Germany -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Geology and hydrogeology -- 17.3 Soils -- 17.4 Land use in Berlin -- 17.5 Material and methods -- 17.6 Results and discussion -- 17.7 Conclusions -- References -- 18 Environmental Geochemical Survey of the City of Stassfurt: An Old Mining and Industrial Urban Area in Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Site conditions -- 18.3 Regional geology -- 18.4 Soil properties -- 18.5 Materials and methods -- 18.6 Results and discussion -- 18.7 Discussion and conclusions -- References -- 19 Systematic Urban Geochemistry of Madrid, Spain, Based on Soils and Dust -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Methods -- 19.3 Results and discussion -- 19.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References.

20 Urban Geochemistry of Tallinn (Estonia): Major and Trace-Elements Distribution in Topsoil -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Methods of sampling and analysis -- 20.3 Results -- 20.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 21 Geochemical and Ecological Survey of the Prague City Area, Czech Republic -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Materials and methods -- 21.3 Results and discussion -- 21.4 Conclusions -- References -- 22 Geochemical Mapping of Ljubljana Urban and Suburban Area, Slovenia -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Study area -- 22.3 Materials and methods -- 22.4 Results and discusion -- 22.5 Conclusions -- References -- 23 Geochemical Characteristics of Lithuanian Urban Areas -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 History of geochemical investigations -- 23.3 Application of results for health-risk assessment -- 23.4 Discussion of results -- 23.5 Conclusions -- References -- 24 Advancements in Urban Geochemical Mapping of the Naples Metropolitan Area: Colour Composite Maps and Results from an Urban Brownfield Site -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 Study area -- 24.3 Soils -- 24.4 Methods -- 24.5 Results and discussion -- 24.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 25 The Lavrion Urban Geochemistry Study, Hellas -- 25.1 Introduction -- 25.2 Historical review -- 25.3 Sampling and sample preparation -- 25.4 Laboratory analysis -- 25.5 Distribution of lead in parent rocks -- 25.6 Metallurgical processing wastes -- 25.7 Distribution of lead in overburden -- 25.8 Distribution of lead inhouse- dust -- 25.9 Lead levels in child blood and teeth -- 25.10 Geochemistry of groundwater -- 25.11 Discussion -- 25.12 Conclusions and recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 26 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Surface Soil in Oslo, Bergen and Trondheim, Norway: PAH16 levels, Compositions and Ratios -- 26.1 Introduction -- 26.2 Materials and methods.

26.3 Results and discussion -- 26.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 27 Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) in Urban Surface Soil in Norway -- 27.1 Introduction -- 27.2 Areas investigated with an industrial past and present -- 27.3 Sampling and analytical methods -- 27.4 Results -- 27.5 Interpretation and discussion -- 27.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 28 Soil Contamination in the Urban Area of Belgrade, Serbia -- 28.1 Geography -- 28.2 Legal and institutional framework for soil management -- 28.3 Availability of soil information for local soil protection -- 28.4 Soil monitoring -- 28.5 Presentation of soil pollution data -- 28.6 Engineering geology in the service of environmental protection: Geological Institute of Serbia -- 28.7 Reporting requirements -- 28.8 Concluding remarks -- References -- 29 Clean Soil at Child-Care Centres and Public Playgrounds - An Important Part of Norway's Chemical Policy -- 29.1 Introduction -- 29.2 Survey area -- 29.3 Materials and methods -- 29.4 Health-risk evaluation -- 29.5 Results and comments -- 29.6 Discussion -- 29.7 Conclusions -- References -- 30 Geochemical Mapping of the Denver, Colorado (USA) Urban Area: A Comparison of Studies in 1972 and 2005 -- 30.1 Introduction -- 30.2 Study area -- 30.3 Sample design -- 30.4 Sample preparation and chemical analysis -- 30.5 Results and discussion -- 30.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 31 Geochemical Characterization of Soil and Sediments of the City of Beira, Mozambique: A Preliminary Approach -- 31.1 Introduction -- 31.2 Study area -- 31.3 Materials and methods -- 31.4 Results -- 31.5 Discussion -- 31.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 32 Urban Geochemical Mapping in Nigeria with Some Examples From Southern Nigeria -- 32.1 Introduction.

32.2 Review of urban mapping in Nigeria.