Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Series Editors' Preface -- Author's Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Timeline of Key Events in Development of the Synthetic Dye Industry before 1914 -- chapter 1 Introduction -- The Puzzle -- Is This Book for You? -- Key Ideas in Evolutionary Theory -- Evolution of Technology -- Evolution of Institutions -- A Sketch of Coevolution -- The Economics and Science of Dye-Making -- The Road Ahead -- chapter 2 Country-Level Performance Differences and Their Institutional Foundations -- Intriguing Questions about Industrial Leadership -- Performance under the Microscope -- Increase in Production Volumes -- Dye Production and Consumption in 1913, Imports and Exports -- Relative Shares of Patents around 1877 and 1900 -- Entry, Exit, and Density Patterns -- Background Information on the Three Countries -- Economic Development in 1850 and 1913 -- Political Systems and State Machinery -- Organization of Industry -- Role of the State in Economic Affairs -- National Research and Training Systems -- Overview of the Argument -- Comparing Britain and Germany -- Interface between Technical Education and the Dye Industry -- Government Policies -- The Case of the United States -- Supporting Organizations and the State -- The Argument -- Professional Organizations -- Trade Organizations -- Academic and Trade Journals and Other Information Sources -- British Organizations and Natural Indigo -- The State -- Taking Stock -- The Academic-Industrial Knowledge Network -- Reasons for an Academic-Industrial Alliance -- Anatomy of the Knowledge Network -- How the Network Was Formed, Maintained, and Expanded -- Origins -- Maintenance -- Expansion -- Functions and Consequences of the Knowledge Network -- Social Organization of Production at the Shop Floor.

Gradual Development of Winning Practices -- What about the United States? -- Intellectual Property Right Regimes -- Review of Patent Law Developments in the Three Countries -- Competitive Implications of Patent Law Developments in the Three Countries -- Period 1, 1857-1865: Early Synthetic Dyes -- Period 2, 1866-1885: The Rise of Scientific Theory in Dye Innovation -- Period 3, 1886-1914: The Age of Corporate R&D Laboratories -- chapter 3 Three Times Two Case Studies of Individual Firms -- Purpose of the Matched Comparisons -- The Cast of Firms -- The German Firms: Bayer and Jäger -- The British Firms: Levinstein and Brooke, Simpson & Spiller -- The American Firms: Schoellkopf and American Aniline Works -- Organization of the Chapter -- The World of Pioneers (1857-1865) -- Product Strategies: Making or Buying Dye Inputs? -- Organization of Production: Improvise and Improve -- Marketing: Visit Your Customers and Win Medals -- Internationalization: Customers Are Everywhere in the World -- R&D Strategy: Serendipity Is King -- Patent Strategy: Getting or Avoiding Them -- Relationship with Competitors: Let Die! -- Science Unbound (1866-1885) -- Product Strategies: Go after the Natural Dyes -- A Digression: The Short "Life" of American Aniline Works and Its Causes -- Organization of Production: Getting Killed on the Shop Floor by Chemists -- Marketing: Replacing Commission Agents with Employee Representatives -- Internationalization: Planting Foreign Factories -- R&D Strategy: First Steps toward Routine R&D -- The Beginning of Systematic Patent Strategies -- See You in Court: Bayer versus BASF in the United States -- Levinstein versus BASF -- Relationship with Competitors: Make Them Fail, Then Buy Them Up -- The Age of Bayer (1886-1914) -- Product Strategies: Exploiting the Azo Gold Mine.

Organization of Production: The Advantage of Large Integrated Factories -- "The Most Beautiful Chemical Plant in the World" -- A Look at the Plants of Bayer's Competitors -- Marketing: The Triumph of the Sales Empire -- Internationalization of Efforts: Foothold Strategies -- R&D Strategy: The Industrialization of Innovation -- Building a "Factory" for Innovation -- The Testing and Application Development Departments -- Academic Alliance with Professors: Jockeying for Access to the Best and Brightest -- Getting Access to the Network of Chemists from Abroad -- The Patent Strategies: Making the Courtroom the Battlefield -- The Congo Red Case: Bayer versus AGFA, Then Bayer and AGFA versus Ewer & Pick -- Patent Strategies of the Other Firms -- Relationship with Competitors: The Taming of Competition -- Theft of Firm Secrets Continues -- Ivan the Great or Ivan the Terrible? -- Building Cartels -- Did Managerial Action Make a Difference? -- chapter 4 The Coevolution of National Industries and Institutions -- Overview of Collective Strategies -- Forging a National Science Capability -- Germany: A Triple Alliance -- Inside the Bureaucracy: "The System Althoff" -- Strategy One: Using Collective Organizations to Mobilize Support -- Strategy Two: Working on the Parliament Directly -- Strategy Three: Creating Private-Public Academic Partnerships -- The Alliance in Action: The Formation of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry -- When the Alliance Breaks Down -- Britain: Under the Curse of Having Been the Leader -- Manchester -- Technical Education in Leeds, Bradford, and Huddersfield -- Imperial College, London -- Coevolutionary Dynamics -- United States: The Land of Unlimited Practical Opportunities -- Lobbying for a Supportive Patent System -- The Shaping of German Patent Law -- Episode One: The Exception -- Episode Two: Keeping the Swiss Out.

British Patent Politics: Incentives Are Not Enough -- Episode One: A Working Clause without Bite -- Episode Two: A Short-Lived Victory -- Influencing Tariff Laws -- chapter 5 Toward an Institutional Theory of Competitive Advantage -- Theoretical Gaps -- Evolutionary Interpretation of the Key Findings -- Evolution of Technology -- Evolution of the Industry -- Evolution of National Institutions -- A Theory of Coevolution -- Coevolution of Industry and Technology -- Coevolution of Industry and the University System -- Exchange of Personnel -- Formation of Commercial Ties -- Lobbying on Behalf of the Other Social Sphere -- Direct Support from State Agencies -- The Explanatory Structure of a Coevolutionary Analysis -- Enriching the Firm Capabilities Theory -- Implications for Industrial Organization Studies -- Level of a National Economy -- Level of a National Industry -- Level of an Individual Firm -- Opportunities for Future Research on Industrial Development -- appendix I A Technological History of Dyes -- Uses of Dyes -- Performance Dimensions of Dyes -- Natural Dyes and the Craft of Dyeing and Printing -- Natural Dyes -- The Craft of Dyeing and Printing -- Dyeing Techniques -- Printing Techniques -- The First Synthetic Dyes -- Innovations in Synthetic Dyes until 1914 -- A Quantitative Overview -- Radical Innovations -- Synthetic Alizarin -- Azo Dyes -- Synthetic Indigo -- Economic Consequences of Synthetic Dyes -- Looking Ahead: More Innovations to Come -- appendix II Description of Databases on Firms and Plants -- Overview of Databases -- Bibliography -- Index.