Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- PART I INTRODUCTION -- Chapter 1: Background, Intention and Structure -- 1.1 Environment and Trade -- 1.2 Electronics Recycling at the Crossroads of Contemporary Environmental and Trade Law -- 1.3 The Constitutional Dimension -- 1.4 The Comparative Dimension -- 1.5 The Practical Dimension -- 1.6 A Recapitulation of the Research Setting and the Dimensions of the Analysis -- 1.7 The Central Thesis and Objectives -- 1.8 Structure -- PART II ENVIRONMENTAL LAW, TRADE LAW, AND ELECTRONICS RECYCLING -- Chapter 2: Regulatory Competition -- 2.1 Constitutional Models of Regulatory Competition and Harmonization -- 2.2 Law of Prohibition and Law ofJustification -- 2.3 Law of Prohibition -- 2.3.1 Efficiency as the Trigger for the Law of Prohibition -- 2.3.2 Obstacle Approach -- 2.3.3 Discrimination Approach -- 2.3.4 Typological Approach-The "Universal Field Theory" of Trade Law -- 2.3.5 Political Representativeness Approach -- 2.3.6 Synthesis of the Law of Prohibition -- 2.4 Law of Justification -- 2.4.1 The Ideology of Balancing Tests -- 2.4.1.1 Legitimizing justifications -- 2.4.1.2 Reconciling Values -- 2.4.2 Institutional and Normative Aspects -- 2.4.3 Elements of a Balancing Test -- 2.4.3.1 Legitimate Interest -- 2.4.3.2 "Equivalence Balancing"-Necessary and Least Restrictive Measures -- 2.4.3.3 "Net Balancing"-Proportionality -- 2.4.3.4 Disguised Restrictions, Arbitrary Discrimination -- 2.4.3.5 Allocating the Burden of Proof -- 2.4.4 The Court and Value Choices -- 2.4.5 Synthesis on the Law ofJustification -- Chapter 3: Harmonization -- 3.1 From Regulatory Competition to Harmonization -- 3.2 Vertical Division of Powers Between the Federal and State Level -- 3.3 Total Harmonization or Qualified Harmonization? -- 3.3.1 Total Harmonization and Derogations Therefrom -- 3.3.2 Minimum Harmonization.

Chapter 4: Recycling Electronics-Preliminary Practical and Legal Viewpoints -- 4.1 The Environmental Rationale of Recycling Electronics -- 4.2 The Economic Rationale of Recycling Electronics -- 4.3 Principles, Processes and Parties of Recycling Electronics -- 4.4 Legislative and Regulatory Measures Influencing Recycling -- 4.5 The European Community-Federal-Level Provisions -- 4.6 The European Community-State-Level Provisions -- 4.7 The United States-Federal-Level Provisions -- 4.8 The United States-State-Level Provisions -- PART III ELECTRONICS RECYCLING AT THE CROSSROADS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND TRADE LAW -- Chapter 5: Product Requirements on Recycling Electronics -- 5.1 Harnessing Technological Developments in Electronics for the Benefit of Nature -- 5.2 Design-for-Recycling and Life-Cycle Thinking -- 5.3 Substance Bans-The Example of Lead-Free Electronics -- 5.4 Recyclability -- 5.5 Recycled Content-Processes and Production Methods ("PPMs") -- 5.6 New Approach and Essential Requirements -- 5.7 Case of "Servification" and Environmental Proportionality -- Chapter 6: Waste Electronics -- 6.1 Products or Waste? -- 6.2 Hazardous Waste -- 6.3 Movements of Waste in Interstate Trade -- 6.3.1 The Harmonization Approach -- 6.3.1.1 Shipments for Recovery -- 6.3.1.2 Shipments for Disposal -- 6.3.1.3 Individual and Aggregate Environmental Impacts -- 6.3.1.4 Concluding Remarks on the Harmonization of Movement of Waste -- 6.3.2 The Regulatory Competition Approach -- 6.3.2.1 Flow Control Schemes -- 6.3.2.2 Pre-Treatment Requirements -- 6.3.2.3 The Market Participation Exception -- 6.3.2.4 Regional Arrangements Between Regulatory Competition and Harmonization -- 6.3.2.5 Change in the Constitutional Approach? -- Chapter 7: Recycling Schemes -- 7.1 Cultural Differences and Scale Advantages -- 7.1.1 Danish Bottles and Cans -- 7.1.2 Oregon Bottles and Cans.

7.2 Private and Public Schemes -- 7.3 Voluntary Schemes -- 7.4 Overwhelming Quantities? -- 7.5 Constitutional Aspects -- Chapter 8: Extended Producer Responsibility -- 8.1 Division of Recycling Responsibilities Between the Stakeholders -- 8.1.1 Polluter Pays Principle -- 8.1.2 Sustainable Development and Eco-Efficiency -- 8.1.3 Shared Responsibility -- 8.1.4 Regulatory Competition and Harmonization -- 8.1.5 Environmental Proportionality-Reverse Application of the Polluter Pays Principle -- 8.2 Collective or Individual Financial Responsibility? -- 8.3 "Visible Fees" or Internalized Costs? -- 8.4 Retroactive Environrnental Responsibility -- 8.5 "Orphan Products," "Free Riders" and "Recycling Guarantees" -- Chapter 9: Market-Based Tools -- 9.1 Internalizing the Externalities -- 9.2 Deposit and Refund Schemes -- 9.3 Tradable Pollution Permits -- Chapter 10: Information Requirements -- 10.1 Mandatory Information Requirements -- 10.1.1 Negative and Neutral Content Requirements -- 10.1.2 Information Requirements-Less Restrictive Alternative? -- 10.1.3 Curtailing Fragmentation -- 10.1.4 Extraterritorial Requirements -- 10.2 Voluntary Information Schemes -- 10.2.1 Eco-Declarations and Eco-Labels -- 10.2.2 A Voluntary Information Scheme? -- 10.2.3 Arbitrary Discrimination -- 10.2.4 Least Restrictive Measures -- 10.2.5 Public and Private Harmonization -- PART IV TOWARDS MUTUALLY REINFORCING ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND TRADE LAW -- Chapter 11: Conclusions -- 11.1 Recycling Waste Electronics-A Rich Interplay of Contemporary Environmental Protection and Trade Law -- 11.2 Towards Mutually Reinforcing Environmental Policies -- 11.2.1 Life-Cycle Thinking Backed With Sound Science -- 11.2.2 Responsive Environmentalism -- 11.2.3 Fair and Effective Allocation of Obligations and Rights to Harness Market Forces for the Benefit of the Environrnent.

11.2.4 Reforming Waste Policies on Electronics -- 11.3 Towards a Mutually Reinforcing, Common Interstate Trade Law -- 11.3.1 Law of Prohibition -- 11.3.2 Law ofJustification -- 11.3.3 Convergence Towards Universal Field Theory of Trade Law -- 11.4 Emerging Constitutional Synthesis: Regulatory Competition and Harmonization -- 11.4.1 Regulatory Competition -- 11.4.2 Harmonization -- 11.4.3 Regulatory Competition and Harmonization -- Annexes -- Annex 1: Recycling Technologies for Electronics -- Annex 2: Examples of Design for the Environment Tools Deploying a Life-Cycle Analysis -- Annex 3: Marketable Rights-A Hypothetical Illustration -- Bibliography -- List of Cases -- Table of Legal Provisions -- Index.