Volume I -- The Law of Higher Education: A Comprehensive Guide to Legal Implications of Administrative Decision Making -- Copyright -- Notice to Instructors -- Notice of Web Site and Periodic Supplements for the Fifth Edition -- Contents -- Preface -- Overview of the Fifth Edition -- Relationship Between the Fifth Edition and Earlier Editions -- Audience -- Organization -- What Is New in This Edition -- Citations and References -- A Note on Nomenclature -- Recommendations for Using the Book and Keeping Up to Date -- Acknowledgments -- The Authors -- Part One: Perspectives and Foundations -- 1. Overview of Higher Education Law -- Section 1.1. How Far the Law Reaches and How Loudly It Speaks -- Section 1.2. Evolution of Higher Education Law -- Section 1.3. The Governance of Higher Education -- 1.3.1. Basic concepts and distinctions -- 1.3.2. Internal governance -- 1.3.3. External governance -- Section 1.4. Sources of Higher Education Law -- 1.4.1. Overview -- 1.4.2. External sources of law -- 1.4.2.1. Federal and state constitutions -- 1.4.2.2. Statutes -- 1.4.2.3. Administrative rules and regulations -- 1.4.2.4. State common law -- 1.4.2.5. Foreign and international law -- 1.4.3. Internal sources of law -- 1.4.3.1. Institutional rules and regulations -- 1.4.3.2. Institutional contracts -- 1.4.3.3. Academic custom and usage -- 1.4.4. The role of case law -- Section 1.5. The Public-Private Dichotomy -- 1.5.1. Overview -- 1.5.2. The state action doctrine -- 1.5.2.1. When private postsecondary institutions may be engaged in state action -- 1.5.2.2. When students, employees, and others may be engaged in state action -- 1.5.3. Other bases for legal rights in private institutions -- Section 1.6. Religion and the Public-Private Dichotomy -- 1.6.1. Overview -- 1.6.2. Religious autonomy rights of religious institutions and their personnel.

1.6.3. Government support for religious institutions -- 1.6.4. Religious autonomy rights of individuals in public postsecondary institutions -- Section 1.7. The Relationship Between Law and Policy -- Selected Annotated Bibliography -- 2. Legal Planning and Dispute Resolution -- Section 2.1. Legal Liability -- 2.1.1. Overview -- 2.1.2. Types of liability -- 2.1.3. Agency law -- 2.1.4. Enforcement mechanisms -- 2.1.5. Remedies for legal violations -- 2.1.6. Avoiding legal liability -- Section 2.2. Litigation in the Courts -- 2.2.1. Overview -- 2.2.2. Access to court -- 2.2.2.1. Jurisdiction -- 2.2.2.2. Other technical doctrines -- 2.2.2.3. Statutes of limitations -- 2.2.2.4. Exhaustion of remedies -- 2.2.3. Pretrial and trial issues -- 2.2.3.1. Class action suits -- 2.2.3.2. Pretrial discovery -- 2.2.3.3. Issues regarding evidence -- 2.2.3.4. Summary judgments and motions to dismiss -- 2.2.3.5. Standards of judicial review and burdens of proof -- 2.2.3.6. Final judgments -- 2.2.4. Judicial remedies -- 2.2.4.1. Overview -- 2.2.4.2. Money damages -- 2.2.4.3. Injunctions -- 2.2.4.4. Attorney's fees -- 2.2.4.5. Contempt of court -- 2.2.5. Judicial (academic) deference -- 2.2.6. Managing litigation and the threat of litigation -- Section 2.3. Alternative Dispute Resolution -- 2.3.1. Overview -- 2.3.2. Types of ADR -- 2.3.3. Applications to colleges and universities -- Section 2.4. Legal Services -- 2.4.1. Organizational arrangements for delivery of legal services -- 2.4.2. Treatment law and preventive law -- 2.4.3. Ethical issues -- Section 2.5. Institutional Management of Liability Risk -- 2.5.1. Overview and suggestions -- 2.5.2. Risk avoidance and risk control -- 2.5.3. Risk transfer -- 2.5.3.1. Liability insurance -- 2.5.3.2. Hold-harmless and indemnification agreements -- 2.5.3.3. Releases and waivers -- 2.5.4. Risk retention.

2.5.5. Enterprise risk management -- 2.5.6. Legal limits on authority to transfer risk -- Selected Annotated Bibliography -- Part Two: The College and Its Governing Board, Personnel, and Agents -- 3. The College and Its Trustees and Officers -- Section 3.1. The Question of Authority -- Section 3.2. Sources and Scope of Authority and Liability -- 3.2.1. Trustees -- 3.2.1.1. Overview -- 3.2.1.2. Trustees of public colleges -- 3.2.1.3. Trustees of private colleges -- 3.2.2. Other officers and administrators -- 3.2.3. Campus organizations -- 3.2.4. Trustee liability -- Section 3.3. Institutional Tort Liability -- 3.3.1. Overview -- 3.3.2. Negligence -- 3.3.2.1. Overview -- 3.3.2.2. Premises liability -- 3.3.2.3. Liability for injuries related to on-campus instruction -- 3.3.2.4. Liability for injuries in off-campus courses -- 3.3.2.5. Liability for cocurricular and social activities -- 3.3.2.6. Student suicide -- 3.3.2.7. Liability for injuries related to outreach programs -- 3.3.3. Educational malpractice and related claims -- 3.3.4. Defamation -- 3.3.5. Other sources of tort liability -- Section 3.4. Institutional Contract Liability -- Section 3.5. Institutional Liability for Violating Federal Constitutional Rights (Section 1983 Liability) -- 3.5.1. Overview -- 3.5.2. Eleventh Amendment immunity -- 3.5.3. Other limits on Section 1983 liability and alternative sources of liability -- Section 3.6. Captive and Affi liated Organizations -- 3.6.1. Overview -- 3.6.2. Structural problems -- 3.6.3. Taxation issues -- 3.6.4. Application of regulatory laws -- 3.6.5. "State action" issues -- 3.6.6. Liability issues -- Selected Annotated Bibliography -- 4. The College and Its Employees -- Section 4.1. Overview of Employment Relationships -- Section 4.2. Pre-hire Considerations -- 4.2.1. Employees versus independent contractors -- 4.2.2. Where is the workplace?.

4.2.3. Applicant screening -- Section 4.3. Employment Contracts -- 4.3.1. Defining the contract -- 4.3.2. The at-will doctrine -- 4.3.3. Sources, scope, and terms of the contract -- 4.3.3.1. Sources of the contract -- 4.3.3.2. Contract interpretation -- 4.3.3.3. Employee handbooks as contracts -- 4.3.3.4. Other contract claims -- 4.3.3.5. Contract rescission -- 4.3.3.6. Investigating employees -- 4.3.3.7. Executive contracts -- 4.3.3.8. Coaches' contracts -- 4.3.4. Amendment of the contract -- 4.3.5. Waiver of contract rights -- 4.3.6. Legal planning with contracts -- Section 4.4. Civil Service Rules -- Section 4.5. Collective Bargaining -- 4.5.1. Overview -- 4.5.2. The public-private dichotomy in collective bargaining -- 4.5.2.1. Overview -- 4.5.2.2. Bargaining at private colleges -- 4.5.2.3. Collective bargaining in religiously affiliated institutions -- 4.5.2.4. Bargaining at public colleges -- 4.5.3. Organization, recognition, and certification -- 4.5.4. Bargainable subjects -- 4.5.5. Collective bargaining and antidiscrimination laws -- 4.5.6. Students and collective bargaining -- Section 4.6. Other Employee Protections -- 4.6.1. Occupational Safety and Health Act -- 4.6.2. Fair Labor Standards Act -- 4.6.3. Employee Retirement Income Security Act -- 4.6.4. Family and Medical Leave Act -- 4.6.5. Immigration laws -- 4.6.6. Workers' compensation laws -- 4.6.7. Unemployment compensation laws -- 4.6.8. Whistleblower protections -- 4.6.9. Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act -- 4.6.10. Free speech claims by staff -- 4.6.11. Social media and e-mail privacy -- Section 4.7. Personal Liability of Employees -- 4.7.1. Overview -- 4.7.2. Tort liability -- 4.7.2.1. Overview -- 4.7.2.2. Negligence -- 4.7.2.3. Defamation -- 4.7.2.4. Other tort claims -- 4.7.3. Contract liability.

4.7.4. Constitutional liability (personal liability under Section 1983) -- 4.7.4.1. Qualified immunity -- 4.7.4.2. Issues on the merits: State-created dangers -- Section 4.8. Performance Management Issues -- 4.8.1. Pre-hire issues -- 4.8.2. Evaluation -- 4.8.3. Discipline -- 4.8.4. Promotion -- 4.8.5. Termination -- Selected Annotated Bibliography -- 5. Nondiscrimination and Affirmative Action in Employment -- Section 5.1. The Interplay of Statutes, Regulations, and Constitutional Protections -- Section 5.2. Sources of Law -- 5.2.1. Title VII -- 5.2.2. Equal Pay Act -- 5.2.3. Title IX -- 5.2.4. Section 1981 -- 5.2.5. Americans with Disabilities Act and Rehabilitation Act of 1973 -- 5.2.6. Age Discrimination in Employment Act -- 5.2.7. Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) -- 5.2.8. Constitutional prohibitions against employment discrimination -- 5.2.9. Executive Orders 11246 and 11375 -- 5.2.10. Laws prohibiting sexual orientation discrimination -- 5.2.11. Laws prohibiting transgender discrimination -- Section 5.3. The Protected Classes -- 5.3.1. Race -- 5.3.2. National origin and alienage -- 5.3.3. Sex -- 5.3.3.1. Overview -- 5.3.3.2. Pregnancy and health benefits discrimination -- 5.3.3.3. Sexual harassment -- 5.3.3.4. Discrimination claims by athletics coaches -- 5.3.4. Disability -- Is the employee disabled for ADA purposes? -- Is the employee qualified? -- Is the requested accommodation reasonable? -- The "nondiscrimination" defense -- 5.3.5. Age -- 5.3.6. Religion -- 5.3.7. Sexual orientation -- 5.3.8. Transgender/gender identity or expression -- Section 5.4. Affirmative Action -- 5.4.1. Overview -- 5.4.2. Affirmative action under Title VII -- 5.4.3. Affirmative action under the equal protection clause -- 5.4.4. State regulation of affirmative action -- 5.4.5. Conclusions.

Section 5.5. Application of Nondiscrimination Laws to Religious Institutions.