Cover -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Immunology and Immunological Preparations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Principles -- 3. Antigens and Haptens -- 3.1. Antigens -- 3.2. Haptens -- 4. Immune Systems -- 4.1. Manipulation of Immune Systems -- 4.2. Types of Immunity -- 4.2.1. Humoral Immunity -- 4.2.1.1. B Lymphocytes [or B cells] -- 4.2.1.2. Immunodominant Peptides (IDPs) -- 4.2.1.3. Antigen-Presenting (APC) -- 4.2.1.4. T Cell Subsets -- 4.2.1.5. Class II MHC (Major Histocompatiability Complex) Proteins -- 4.2.2. Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI) -- 4.2.2.1. Immunosuppression -- 4.2.2.2. Privileged Graft Sites -- 4.2.2.3. Graft-Vs-Host Disease (GVHD) -- 4.2.3. Innate (or Natural Immunity) -- 4.2.4. Acquired Immunity -- 4.2.4.1. Actively Acquired Immunity -- 4.2.4.2. Passively Acquired Immunity -- 4.2.5. Non Specific Immunity -- 5. Antigen Antibodies Reactions and Their Applications -- 5.1. Antigen Antibodies Reactions -- 5.5.1. Antigens -- 5.1.2. Antibodies -- 5.1.3. Immunoglobulins as Antigens -- 5.1.4. Structure of Antibody -- 5.1.4.1. Ig A Molecule -- 5.1.4.2. Ig G Molecule -- 5.1.4.3. Glycosylation of Antibody (IgG) -- 5.1.5. Monoclonal Antibodies (MABs) -- 5.1.5.1. MABs in Diagnostics -- 5.1.5.2. MABs in Imaging and Therapy -- 5.1.5.3. Production of Monoclonal Antibodies (MABs) -- 5.1.5.4. Application of Monoclonal Antibodies (MABs) -- 6. Hypersensitivity Reactions -- 6.1. Types of Hypersensitivity Reaction -- 6.1.1. Type-I : Anaphylactive Hypersensitivity -- 6.1.2. Type-II : Antibody-Dependent Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity -- 6.1.3. Type-III : Complex Mediated Hypersensitivity -- 6.1.4. Type-IV : Cell-mediated or Delayed Type Hypersensitivity -- 6.1.5. Type V : Stimulatory Hypersensitivity -- 7. Vaccines : Preparation, Standardization and Storage -- 7.1. Definitions -- 7.2. Historical -- 7.3. Classification of Vaccines.

7.3.1. Synthetic Peptide Vaccines -- 7.3.2. Multivaccine System -- 7.3.3. Bacterial Vaccines -- 7.3.4. DTP-Vaccine -- 7.3.5. Typhoid-Paratyphoid A and B Vaccine [TAB-Vaccine] -- 7.3.6. Other Bacteria Vaccines -- 7.3.7. Typhoid and Tetanus Vaccine -- 7.3.8. Anthrax Vaccine -- 7.3.9. Q-Fever Vaccine -- 7.3.10. Leprosy Vaccines -- 7.3.11. Whooping cough Vaccine (Syn : Pertussis Vaccine) -- 7.3.12. Diphtheria Vaccine -- 7.3.13. Varicella-Zoster Vaccines -- 7.3.14. Viral and Rickettsial Vaccines -- 7.3.15. Smallpox Vaccine -- 7.3.16. Vaccines for Special Protection -- 7.3.17. Rabies Vaccines -- 7.3.18. Influenza Vaccine : [Flu Fever Vaccine] -- 7.3.19. Inactivated Influenza Vaccine -- 7.3.19.1. Inactivated Influenza Vaccine (Split-Virion) -- 7.3.19.2. Inactivated Influenza Vaccine (Surface Antigen) -- 7.3.20. Polio Vaccine : -- 7.3.20.1. Oral Polio Vaccine -- 7.3.20.2. Salk Type Polio Vaccine -- 7.3.20.3. Sabin Type Polio Vaccine -- 7.3.20.4. Inactivated Poliomyelitis Vaccine -- 7.3.20.5. Poliomyelitis Vaccine, Live (Oral) -- 7.3.21. Cancer Vaccine -- 7.3.22. Birth Control Vaccine for Women -- 7.3.24. Pneumococcal Vaccine -- 7.3.25. Measles Vaccine, Live -- 7.3.25.1. Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR) Vaccine -- 7.3.25.2. Germanl Measles (Rubella) Vaccine -- 7.3.26. Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine -- 7.3.27. Future Development Scope of Vaccines -- 7.3.27.1. Vaccine against Alzheimeir's Disease -- 7.3.27.2. Vaccine for Meningitis C -- 7.3.27.3. Super Vaccine : -- 7.3.27.4. Immunomodulators -- 7.3.27.5. Vaccination with Gas Lighter -- 7.3.27.6. Vaccine against Cervical Cancer -- 7.3.27.7. Vaccination without Needles -- Chapter 2 Genetic Recombination -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Transformation -- 2.1. Agrobacterium-Mediated Geen Transfer -- 2.1.1. Co-culture with Tissue Explants -- 2.1.2. In Planta Transformation -- 2.2. Agroinfection.

2.3. Direct Gene Transfers -- 2.3.1. Chemical Methods -- 2.3.2. Electroporation -- 2.3.3. Particle Gun Delivery -- 2.3.4. Lipofection -- 2.3.5. Microinjection -- 2.3.6. Macroinjection -- 2.3.7. Pollen Transformation -- 2.3.8. DNA Delivery via Growing Pollen Tubes -- 2.3.9. Laser-Induced Gene Transfer -- 2.3.10. Fibre-Mediated Gene Transfer -- 2.3.11. Transformation by Ultrasonication -- 3. Conjugation -- 3.1. Organismal -- 3.2. Cellular -- 3.3. Molecular -- 4. Transduction -- 5. Protoplast Fusion -- 5.1. Spontaneous Fusion -- 5.2. Induced Fusion -- 5.2.1. Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3) Treatment -- 5.2.2. Calcium Ions (Ca2+) Treatment at High pH -- 5.2.3. Propylene Glycol (PEG) Treatment -- 5.2.4. Electrical Impulse (Fusion) -- 6. Gene Cloning -- 6.1. Cloning Process -- 6.1.1. DNA-Cloning -- 6.1.2. Cloning Larger DNA Fragments in Specified Cloning Vectors -- 6.1.3. Cloning Eukaryotic* DNAs in Bacterial Plasmids** -- 6.1.4. Cloning Eukaryotic DNAs Phase Genomes -- 6.1.5. Cloning cDNAs -- 6.1.6. Expression Cloning -- 6.1.7. Amplifying DNA : The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) -- 7. Development of Hybridoma for Monoclonal Antibodies(MABs) -- 7.1. The Principle of Monoclonal Antibody Production -- 7.2. Cell Fusion -- 8. Drugs Produced by Biotechnology -- 8.1. Alteplase (BAN, USAN, INN) -- Activase(R) -- 8.2. Humulin : Humulin(R) -- 8.3. Humatrope(R) -- Growth Hormone -- 8.4. Hepatitis B [Recombivax HM (Merck) - A Hepatitis B Vaccine] -- Chapter 3 Antibiotics -- 1. Historical Development of Antibiotics -- 2. Antimicrobial Spectrum and Methods Used for Their Standardization -- 2.1. Cylinder-Plate Method -- 2.2. Turbidimetric Method -- 3. Screening or Soil for Organisms Producing Antibiotics -- 3.1. Screening -- 3.2. Secondary Screening -- 3.2.1. Methodology -- 3.2.2. Salient Features of Secondary Screening -- 4. Fermentors [or Bioreactors].

4.1. Salient Features of Bioreactors -- 4.2. Classifications -- 4.2.1. Solid State Fermentation -- 4.2.2. Anaerobic Fermentation -- 4.2.3. Aerobic Fermentation -- 4.2.3.1. Stirred-tank Type Fermentors (or Stirred Bioreactors) -- 4.2.3.2. Air-lift Type Fermentors -- 4.2.4. Immobilized Cell Bioreactors -- 4.2.4.1. Immurement Cultures -- 4.2.4.2. Entrapment Cultures -- 4.3. Design and Bioreactors (Fermentor Variants) -- 4.3.1. Fermacell (Laboratory) Fermentor -- 4.3.2. Bubble-Cap Fermentor -- 4.3.3. Loop (Recycle) Bioreactor -- 4.3.4. Tower Bioreactor -- 4.3.5. Activated Sludge Bioreactor -- 4.3.6. Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Bioreactor -- 4.3.7. Packed Bed Bioreactor -- 4.3.8. Trickling Film Bioreactor -- 4.3.9. Mist Bioreactor -- 4.3.10. Rotating Drum Bioreactor -- 4.3.11. Bubble Column Bioreactor -- 4.3.12. Commercial Fermentation Plant -- 5. Mutants -- 5.1. Isolation of Mutants -- 5.1.1. Method of Causing a Mutation -- 5.1.2. Somaclonal Variation -- 5.1.2.1. Isolation of Somaclonal Variants -- 5.2. Factor Influencing Rate of Mutation -- 5.2.1. Conditional Mutation -- 5.2.2. Radiation Induced Mutations -- 5.2.3. Effect of UV Radiation -- 5.2.4. Chemically Induced Mutations -- 5.2.5. Beneficial Mutation -- 6. Design of Fermentation Processes -- 6.1. Quality of Water -- 6.2. Quality Control of Raw Materials -- 6.3. Nutritional Requirements -- 6.4. Sterilization Practices -- 6.5. Media Preparation -- 6.5.1. Solid Substrate Fermentation -- 6.5.2. Submerged Fermentation -- 6.5.3. Downstream Processing -- 6.5.4. Technology of Mammalian and Plant-cell Culture -- 6.5.5. Cell Recycle Technique -- 7. Production of Antibiotics (Isolation of Fermentation Products) -- 7.1. The Penicillins -- 7.1.1. Genes in Penicillin Biosynthesis -- 7.1.2. The Penicillin Variants -- 7.1.3. Production of Benzylpenicillins [Penicillin G] -- 7.1.3.1. Inoculum.

7.1.3.2. Production Media -- 7.1.3.3. Biomass** Production -- 7.1.3.4. Course of Typical Penicillin Fermentation -- 7.1.3.5. Penicillin Nucleus : Two Amino Acids -- 7.1.3.6. Role of Enzyme Penicillinase -- 7.1.3.7. Penicillin Production and Recovery -- 7.2. Streptomycin -- 7.2.1. Chemical Structure -- 7.2.2. Choicest Medium -- 7.2.3. Inoculum -- 7.2.4. Streptomycin Production -- 7.3. The Tetracyclines -- 7.3.1. Salient Features of the Tetracyclines -- 7.3.2. Nomenclatures -- 7.3.3. General Characteristics of the Tetracyclines -- 7.3.3.1. Tetracycline -- 7.4. Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamine -- Cobamide -- 7.4.1. Vitamin B12 from Propinonibacterium Shermanii -- 7.4.2. Vitamin B12 from Pseudomonas Denitrificans -- 8. Future Prospects -- Chapter 4 Microbial Transformations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of Reactions Mediated by Microorganisms -- 2.1. Vinegar (Acetic Acid) Production -- 2.1.1. Traditional Method -- 2.1.2. Aerobic Fermentation Process -- 2.1.3. Orleans Process -- 2.1.4. Packed-Generator Process -- 2.1.5. Trickling Generator -- 2.1.6. Submerged Fermentor -- 2.2. Gluconic Acid Production -- 2.3. Antibiotic Production -- 2.4. Single-Cell Proteins (SCPs) from Methanol -- 2.5. Lactic Acid Production -- 2.6. Kojic Acid -- 2.7. Itaconic Acid -- 3. Design of Biotransformation Processes -- 3.1. Methodologies for Biotransformation -- 3.1.1. Growing Cultures -- 3.1.2. Resting Cells* -- 3.1.3. Immobilized Cells -- 4. Selection of Organisms -- 5. Biotransformation Process and Its Improvements With Special Reference To Steroids -- 5.1. Biotransformation of Steroids -- 5.1.1. Types of Transformations/Biotransformations -- 5.1.2. Cost-Effective Viable and Important Transformations -- 5.1.3. Microbial Cleavage of Sterol-Side Chains (at C-17) -- 5.1.4. Mycobacterial Cleavage of Steroid Nucleus (Ring 'B').

5.2. Steroid Bioconversion via Fermentative Procedures.