Cover -- Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of polymer matrix composites: Techniques and applications -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributor contact details -- Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering -- Part I Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques -- 1 Introduction: the future of non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and structural health monitoring (SHM) -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and structural health monitoring (SHM) -- 1.3 Conclusion and future trends -- 1.4 References -- 2 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites: acoustic emission (AE) -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Fundamentals of acoustic emission (AE) -- 2.3 Acoustic emission (AE) testing -- 2.4 Comparisons -- 2.5 Future trends -- 2.6 Sources of further information and advice -- 2.7 References -- 3 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites: eddy current techniques -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Eddy current testing: principles and technologies -- 3.3 High-frequency eddy current imaging of carbon fiber materials and carbon fiber reinforced polymer materials (CFRPs) composites -- 3.4 Analytical methods for data processing -- 3.5 Conclusion -- 3.6 References -- 4 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites: introduction to shearography -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The theoretical principles of shearography -- 4.3 The practical application of shearography -- 4.4 Shearography for non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composite materials -- 4.5 Comparing shearography with other techniques -- 4.6 Future trends -- 4.7 Sources of further information and advice -- 4.8 References -- 5 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites: digital shearography -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Principles of digital shearography -- 5.3 The practical application of digital shearography.

5.4 Using digital shearography to test composites -- 5.5 Conclusion -- 5.6 Acknowledgment -- 5.7 References and further reading -- 6 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites: dielectric techniques for testing partially or non-conducting composite materials -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Low-frequency dielectric measurement of partially conductive and insulating composite materials -- 6.3 Low-frequency dielectric cure monitoring -- 6.4 Low-frequency dielectric measurement of water ingress into composite structures -- 6.5 High-frequency measurements of dielectric properties -- 6.6 Conclusion -- 6.7 Acknowledgements -- 6.8 References -- 7 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites: using ultrasound to monitor the curing of composites -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Types of thermosets used in composites -- 7.3 Methods for monitoring composites -- 7.4 Monitoring the degree of curing and the mechanical properties of composites -- 7.5 Online process monitoring using ultrasound -- 7.6 Using ultrasonic online process monitoring in practice: monitoring curing -- 7.7 Using ultrasonic online process monitoring in practice: automotive engineering -- 7.8 References -- Part II Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques for adhesively bonded applications -- 8 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites: dielectric methods for testing adhesive bonds in composites -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The use of dielectric testing in cure monitoring -- 8.3 The use of dielectric testing to check bond integrity -- 8.4 The use of dielectric testing to assess ageing of bonded joints -- 8.5 Conclusion -- 8.6 Acknowledgements -- 8.7 References -- 9 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of aerospace composites: methods for testing adhesively bonded composites -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Adhesive bonding in the aerospace industry.

9.3 The role of non-destructive testing (NDT) in testing adhesive bonds -- 9.4 Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods -- 9.5 Challenges in non-destructive testing (NDT) of adhesive bonds -- 9.6 Conclusion -- 9.7 Sources of further information and advice -- 9.8 References -- 10 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites: assessing debonding in sandwich panels using guided waves -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Processing of wave signals -- 10.3 Numerical simulation of wave propagation -- 10.4 Debonding detection and assessment in sandwich beams -- 10.5 Debonding detection in sandwich panels using time reversal -- 10.6 Conclusion and future trends -- 10.7 References -- 11 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites: detecting delamination defects using mechanical impedance, ultrasonic and infrared thermographic techniques -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Using mechanical impedance: disbonding in aluminium honeycomb structures -- 11.3 Using ultrasonic 'C' scanning: carbon fibre-reinforced (CFR) composites -- 11.4 Using infrared thermography -- 11.5 Conclusion: comparing different techniques -- 11.6 References -- Part III Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques in aerospace applications -- 12 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of aerospace composites: application of infrared (IR) thermography -- 12.1 Introduction: thermography as a non-destructive evaluation (NDE) technique -- 12.2 Heat propagation in dynamic thermography -- 12.3 Thermography in aerospace composites -- 12.4 Conclusion -- 12.5 References and further reading -- 13 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of aerospace composites: flaw characterisation -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Fundamentals of heat diffusion -- 13.3 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of delaminations and planar inclusions -- 13.4 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of impact damage -- 13.5 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of porosity.

13.6 Experimental demonstration -- 13.7 Future trends -- 13.8 References -- 14 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of aerospace composites: detecting impact damage -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Effectiveness of infrared thermography -- 14.3 On-line monitoring -- 14.4 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of different composite materials -- 14.5 Conclusion and future trends -- 14.6 Acknowledgements -- 14.7 References -- 15 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of aerospace composites: ultrasonic techniques -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Inspection of aerospace composites -- 15.3 Ultrasonic inspection methods for aerospace composites -- 15.4 Ultrasonic inspection of solid laminates -- 15.5 Ultrasonic inspection of sandwich structures -- 15.6 Ultrasonic non-destructive testing (NDT) instruments for aerospace composites -- 15.7 Conclusion -- 15.8 References -- 16 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of aerospace composites: acoustic microscopy -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Case study: damage analysis using scanned image microscopy -- 16.3 Case study: damage analysis using acoustic microscopy -- 16.4 Future trends: using embedded ultrasonic sensors for structural health monitoring of aerospace materials -- 16.5 Conclusion -- 16.6 References -- 17 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of aerospace composites: structural health monitoring of aerospace structures using guided wave ultrasonics -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Structural health monitoring (SHM) transducer systems -- 17.3 Guided wave (GW) structural health monitoring (SHM) systems for composite structures -- 17.4 Conclusion -- 17.5 References -- Part IV Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques in civil and marine applications -- 18 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites: techniques for civil structures -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Infrared thermography -- 18.3 Ground penetrating radar (GPR).

18.4 Digital tap testing -- 18.5 Issues and challenges in using non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques -- 18.6 Future trends -- 18.7 References -- 19 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites: application of thermography for defect detection in rehabilitated structures -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Principles of infrared (IR) thermography -- 19.3 Using infrared (IR) thermography in practice: application to a bridge deck assembly -- 19.4 Data collection methodology -- 19.5 Assessing results -- 19.6 Conclusion -- 19.7 References -- 20 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites: using shearography to detect bond defects -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Shearography -- 20.3 The role of shearography in detecting defects -- 20.4 Field inspection of a fiber-reinforced polymer (FPR)-strengthened bridge: a case study -- 20.5 Conclusion -- 20.6 References -- 21 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites: use of acoustic emission (AE) techniques -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Testing acoustic techniques -- 21.3 Challenges in using acoustic emission -- 21.4 Conclusion -- 21.5 References -- 22 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites: microwave techniques -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Electromagnetic (EM) properties of materials -- 22.3 Sensing architectures -- 22.4 Microwave surface imaging of fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete (FRP RC) structures -- 22.5 Microwave sub-surface imaging of fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete (FRP RC) structures -- 22.6 Future trends -- 22.7 Sources of further information and advice -- 22.8 References and further reading -- 23 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites: using fiber optic sensors -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Fiber optic sensing technologies -- 23.3 Fiber optic sensors (FOSs) integrated with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcements.

23.4 Fiber optic sensors (FOSs) monitoring fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) concrete interfacial bond behavior.