Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Forensic Science-Chemistry, Physics, Biology, and Engineering-Introduction -- References -- Chapter 2 Forensic Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Chemometrics -- 2.2 Trace Evidence -- 2.2.1 Hair Analysis -- 2.2.2 Fibers -- 2.2.3 Paint Analysis -- 2.3 Ink Analysis -- 2.4 Forensic Biology and Anthropology -- 2.4.1 Body Fluids -- 2.4.2 Forensic Anthropology -- 2.5 Gunshot Residue -- 2.6 Controlled Substances -- 2.6.1 Illicit Drugs -- 2.6.2 Pharmaceuticals -- 2.7 Counterterrorism and Homeland Security -- 2.7.1 Explosives -- 2.7.2 Chemical Agents -- 2.7.3 Bioagents -- 2.8 Emerging Technologies -- 2.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Applications of Internal Reflection Spectroscopy in Forensic Analysis -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Principles and Theory -- 3.3 Accessories for ATR -- 3.4 Forensic Applications of ATR -- 3.4.1 Packing Materials and Adhesive Tapes -- 3.4.2 Paint Samples -- 3.4.3 Drugs -- 3.4.4 Explosives -- 3.4.5 Soil and Minerals -- 3.4.6 Other Developments -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Applications of Mass Spectrometry in Forensic Science: A Brief Introduction -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Mass Spectrometry -- 4.2.1 Instrumentation -- 4.2.1.1 Ionization Source -- 4.2.1.2 Mass Analyzer -- 4.2.1.3 Detector -- 4.2.2 Tandem MS (MS/MS) -- 4.2.3 Combination of MS with Other Separation Techniques -- 4.2.4 Applications of MS -- 4.3 Applications of MS in Forensic Science -- 4.3.1 Drugs and Toxicology -- 4.3.2 Chemical Warfare Agents and Explosives -- 4.3.3 Hair -- 4.3.4 Residues of Gunshots -- 4.3.5 Fingermarks -- 4.3.6 Dyes -- 4.3.7 Glass -- 4.3.8 Drug Packages -- 4.3.9 Paint Analysis -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 An Introduction to Forensic Electrochemistry -- 5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Electrochemical Methods -- 5.3 Voltammetric Methods -- 5.4 Electrochemical Methods in Forensic Science -- 5.4.1 Poisons -- 5.4.2 Gunshot Residues -- 5.4.3 Drugs -- 5.4.4 Fingerprinting -- 5.4.5 DNA -- 5.5 Outlook for Forensic Electrochemistry -- References -- Chapter 6 Electrochemical Detection of Gunshot Residue for Forensic Analysis -- 6.1 Overview of Gunshot Residue Detection -- 6.2 Electrochemical Detection of Inorganic GSR -- 6.3 Electrochemical Detection of Organic GSR -- 6.4 Next Steps in GSR Analysis: Chemometric Data Treatment and Complementary Orthogonal Methods -- 6.5 Future Prospects for Electroanalytical Detection of GSR -- References -- Chapter 7 From Optical to Hyperspectral Imaging Techniques in Forensic Sciences -- 7.1 Added Value of Imaging Techniques in Forensic Sciences -- 7.2 Optical Examination in Forensic Sciences: A Step Before Hyperspectral Imaging -- 7.3 Hyperspectral Imaging: A Flourishing Technique in Forensic Sciences -- 7.3.1 Fundamentals -- 7.3.2 Hyperspectral Imaging Applied in Forensic Sciences -- 7.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects of Hyperspectral Imaging in Forensic Sciences -- References -- Chapter 8 Biochemical Analysis of Biomarkers for Forensic Applications -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Biocatalytic Analysis of Biomarkers for Forensic Identification of Ethnicity Between Caucasian and African American -- 8.3 Biocatalytic Analysis of Biomarkers for Forensic Identification of Sex -- 8.4 Biocatalytic Assay to Determine Age of Blood Sample -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Processing Skeletal Samples for Forensic DNA Analysis -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Bone Evidence in Forensic Investigations -- 9.3 The Sources of DNA from Skeletal Remains -- 9.4 Postmortem Taphonomic Effects of Skeletal Remains -- 9.5 Contamination of Challenged Bone Specimens.

9.6 Sample Preparation and Processing of Bone Evidence for Forensic DNA Analysis -- References -- Chapter 10 DNA Damage and Repair in Forensic Science -- 10.1 Mechanisms of DNA Damage -- 10.1.1 Ultraviolet Radiation-Mediated and Oxidative DNA Damage -- 10.1.2 DNA Damage in Forensic-Type Samples -- 10.2 DNA Damage in Forensic Samples -- 10.2.1 DNA Damage at the Molecular Level -- 10.3 DNA Repair Mechanisms -- 10.3.1 Base Excision Repair/Single Strand Break Repair (BER/SSBR) -- 10.4 DNA Repair in Forensic Science -- 10.4.1 Commercialization of DNA -- References -- Chapter 11 Biosensors in Forensic Analysis -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The Use of Biosensors in Forensic Toxicological Analysis -- 11.2.1 Inorganic Poisons -- 11.2.1.1 Cyanide -- 11.2.2 Organic Toxins: Alcohol, Drugs, Doping Agents -- 11.2.2.1 Alcohol -- 11.2.2.2 Illicit Drugs -- 11.2.3 Doping -- 11.2.4 Toxins -- 11.2.5 Microorganisms -- 11.3 Biosensors for Chemical and Biological Weapons -- 11.3.1 Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAs) -- 11.3.2 Explosives -- 11.3.3 Biological Weapons -- 11.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 12 Recent Advances in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Blood Components -- 12.1.2 Blood Drying -- 12.1.3 Bloodstain Formation -- 12.1.4 Surfaces Interactions -- 12.1.5 Surface Manipulation -- 12.1.6 Blood Aging -- 12.1.7 Future Research -- References -- Chapter 13 Detection of Cocaine on Paper Currency -- 13.1 Cocaine -- 13.2 Cocaine on Banknotes as Forensic Evidence -- 13.3 Methods of Analysis -- References -- Chapter 14 The Forensic Analysis of Glass Evidence: Past, Present, and Future -- 14.1 Glass as Forensic Evidence -- 14.2 A Brief History of Forensic Glass Analysis -- 14.2.1 Physical Properties -- 14.2.2 Optical Properties -- 14.2.3 Chemical Composition -- 14.3 Current Methods of Forensic Glass Analysis.

14.4 Future Directions of Forensic Glass Analysis -- 14.4.1 New Developments in Windows -- 14.4.2 Future Methods of Glass Analysis -- 14.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15 Forensic Examination of Trace Evidence -- 15.1 What Is Trace Evidence? -- 15.2 Major Types of Trace Evidence -- 15.2.1 Hairs -- 15.2.2 Fibers -- 15.2.3 Paint -- 15.2.4 Glass -- 15.2.5 Soil -- 15.2.6 Tape -- 15.2.7 Structural Materials -- 15.2.8 Lamp Filaments -- 15.2.9 Physical Match -- 15.2.10 Miscellaneous Trace Materials -- 15.3 Limitations and Significance of Trace Evidence -- References -- Chapter 16 Fingerprint Spoofing and Liveness Detection -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Fingerprint Spoofing -- 16.2.1 Spoofing Methods -- 16.2.2 Spoofing AFIS -- 16.2.3 Spoofing in Forensics -- 16.2.4 Documented Spoof Attempts in the Field -- 16.3 Liveness Detection -- 16.3.1 Hardware-Based Liveness Detection -- 16.3.2 Software-Based Liveness Detection -- 16.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 17 Engineering as a Forensic Science -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Accident Reconstruction -- 17.3 Biomechanics of Injuries -- 17.4 Products Liability -- 17.4.1 Design Defects -- 17.4.2 Manufacturing Defects -- 17.4.3 Failure to Warn and Instruct -- 17.4.4 General Product Design Considerations -- 17.5 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 18 Unmanned Systems Technology Use by Law Enforcement -- 18.1 Evolution and Anatomy of Unmanned Systems -- 18.2 Law Enforcement Applications -- 18.2.1 Bomb Disposal Applications -- 18.2.2 Search and Rescue Applications -- 18.2.3 Standoff and Hostage Negotiation Applications -- 18.2.4 Crime Scene Imaging and Reconstruction Applications -- 18.3 Legal Issues -- 18.3.1 Regulations -- 18.3.2 Privacy -- 18.3.3 Weaponization -- 18.4 Unmanned Systems Deployment -- 18.4.1 Top Reasons Law Enforcement Agencies Hesitate to Deploy Drones.

18.4.2 Deployment Models -- 18.4.3 SIDEBAR-Law Enforcement Applications -- References -- Chapter 19 Forensic Science-Conclusions and Perspectives -- Index -- EULA.