PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS -- PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPSIN HIGHWAY AND TRANSITINFRASTRUCTURE PROVISION* -- INTRODUCTION -- BACKGROUND -- TYPES OF TRANSPORTATIONPUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS -- PROMINENT EXAMPLES OFPUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS -- Chicago Skyway -- Indiana Toll Road -- Northern Virginia I-495 HOT Lanes -- Las Vegas Monorail -- Missouri DOT Safe and Sound Program -- FEDERAL LEGISLATION ANDPUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS -- Highway Public-Private Partnerships -- Transit Public-Private Partnerships -- ISSUES FOR CONGRESS -- Additional Resources for Transportation Infrastructure -- Effects of Public-Private Partnerships on the Operationand Planning of the Surface Transportation System -- Equity -- POLICY OPTIONS FOR CONGRESS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2HIGHWAY PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS.MORE RIGOROUS UP-FRONT ANALYSISCOULD BETTER SECURE POTENTIALBENEFITS AND PROTECTTHE PUBLIC INTEREST* -- ABBREVIATIONS -- RESULTS IN BRIEF -- BACKGROUND -- HIGHWAY PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS CANPOTENTIALLY PROVIDE BENEFITS BUT ALSO ENTAILCOSTS, RISKS, AND TRADE-OFFS -- HIGHWAY PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS HAVE BEENUSED TO PROVIDE NEW INFRASTRUCTURE AND FUNDINGFOR TRANSPORTATION AND OTHER NEEDS AND HAVE THEPOTENTIAL TO PROVIDE OTHER BENEFITS -- Finance New Construction and Receiveup-front Payments through Asset Monetization -- Potential Benefits Associated with Transferring Risks -- Potential Pricing and Investment Decision-Making Benefits -- Potential Private Sector Benefits -- Highway Public-Private Partnerships MayNot Be Applicable to All Situations -- Highway Public-Private Partnerships Also Comewith Potential Costs and Trade-offs to the Public Sector -- Potential Financial Costs and Trade-offs -- Potential Loss of Control.

Not All Risks Can or Should Be Transferred inHighway Public-Private Partnerships -- It Is Important to Consider the Opportunities of HighwayPublic-Private Partnerships Against Public Objectives,Potential Costs, and Trade-offs, as well as Public Interests -- HIGHWAY PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS HAVE SOUGHTTO PROTECT PUBLIC INTEREST IN MANY WAYS, BUT USE OFPUBLIC INTEREST CRITERIA IS MIXED IN THEUNITED STATES -- Highway Public-Private Partnerships We ReviewedHave Used Concession Terms to Protect the Public Interest -- Financial Mechanisms -- Accountability and Flexibility -- Workforce -- Oversight and Monitoring of Concessions -- Financial Analyses and Bidding Processes HaveAlso Been Used to Protect the Public Interest -- Foreign Governments Have Developed PublicInterest Criteria and Assessment Tools -- Use of Formal Public Interest Processes andTools in the United States Are More Limited -- DIRECT FEDERAL INVOLVEMENT WITH HIGHWAY PUBLICPRIVATEPARTNERSHIPS HAS GENERALLY BEEN LIMITED,BUT IDENTIFICATION OF NATIONAL INTERESTS IN HIGHWAYPUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS HAS BEEN LACKING -- Direct Federal Involvement in Highway Public-PrivatePartnerships Has Generally Been Limited to Projects inwhich Federal Funds Have Been Invested -- Federal Government Encourages and Promotes HighwayPublic-Private Partnerships through Policy and Practice -- National Interests in Highway Public-PrivatePartnerships Need to Be Identified -- CONCLUSIONS -- MATTER FOR CONGRESSIONAL CONSIDERATION -- RECOMMENDATION FOR EXECUTIVE ACTION -- AGENCY COMMENTS AND OUR EVALUATION -- APPENDIX I: SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY -- APPENDIX II: PROFILE OF GAO PUBLIC-PRIVATEPARTNERSHIP CASE STUDIES -- Case Study: Chicago Skyway, Chicago, Illinois -- Case Study: Indiana Toll Road, Northern Indiana -- Case Study: Trans-Texas Corridor, Texas -- Case Study: Oregon -- REFERENCES -- Appendix II.

Chapter 3HIGHWAY PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS:SECURING POTENTIAL BENEFITS ANDPROTECTING THE PUBLIC INTERESTCOULD RESULT FROM MORE RIGOROUSUP-FRONT ANALYSIS* -- HIGHWAY PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS CANPOTENTIALLY PROVIDE BENEFITS BUT ALSOENTAIL COSTS, RISKS, AND TRADE-OFFS -- Potential Benefits -- Potential Costs, Risks, and Trade-offs -- HIGHWAY PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS HAVESOUGHT TO PROTECT PUBLIC INTEREST IN MANY WAYS,BUT USE OF PUBLIC INTEREST CRITERIA IS MIXEDIN THE UNITED STATES -- DIRECT FEDERAL INVOLVEMENT WITH HIGHWAY PUBLICPRIVATEPARTNERSHIPS HAS GENERALLY BEEN LIMITED,BUT IDENTIFICATION OF NATIONAL INTERESTS IN HIGHWAYPUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS HAS BEEN LACKING -- CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.