CONTENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- PREFACE -- INTRODUCTION -- PART ONE METHODS AND TERMS -- Term 1. Protectionism -- Method 1. Selection of Scholars -- Term 2. Anymals, Nonhuman Animals, Other-Than-Human Animals -- Method 2. Applied Philosophy -- Term 3. Moral Standing -- Term 4. Morally Relevant Distinctions -- Term 5. Inherent Value/Intrinsic Worth -- Method 3. Lifeboat Scenarios -- Method 4. Idealism -- Method 5. Consistency and Logical Extremes -- Term 6. Intuition -- Term 7. Speciesism -- Method 6. Impartiality -- Method 7. Casuistry -- Term 8. Living Entity -- Term 9. Western Morality/Ethics -- Method 8. Interdisciplinary -- Final Note -- PART TWO PHILOSOPHICAL PROTECTIONIST THEORIES -- CHAPTER TWO TOM REGAN: THE RIGHTS VIEW -- A. Regan's Rights View -- 1. Equal Inherent Value -- 2. Welfare -- 3. Moral Standing -- 4. Respect Principle -- 5. Harm Principle -- 6. Overriding Rights -- Summary -- B. Discussion -- 1. Methods -- 2. Central Concepts -- 3. Undesirable Consequences -- Conclusion -- CHAPTER THREE PETER SINGER: UTILITARIAN PROTECTIONISM -- A. Singer's Utilitarian Theory -- 1. Utilitarianism -- 2. Sentience -- 3. Mental Capacity -- 4. Death and Killing -- Summary -- B. Discussion -- 1. Common Concerns -- 2. Problems Associated with Utilitarianism -- 3. Sentience -- 4. Mental Capacity -- 5. Reason without Virtues -- 6. Speciesism -- Conclusion -- CHAPTER FOUR PAUL TAYLOR: BIO-PROTECTIONISM -- A. Protectionism and Environmental Ethics: An Uneasy Alliance -- B. Taylor's Foundation -- 1. Individual versus Species -- 2. Natural and Nonnatural -- 3. Moral Standing -- 4. Moral Agents and Moral Patients -- 5. Rights -- 6. Philosophical Principles and Standards -- C. Taylor's Respect for Nature -- 1. Belief System-Biocentric Outlook -- 2. Attitude-Respect for Nature -- 3. Four Rules and Moral Triage -- 4. Five Principles -- Summary.

D. Discussion -- 1. Controversial Assumptions -- 2. Theoretical Considerations -- 3. Humanocentrism -- Conclusion -- PART THREE PROTECTIONIST THEOLOGY -- CHAPTER FIVE ANDREW LINZEY: CHRISTIAN PROTECTIONISM -- A. Theology -- B. Christianity and Protectionism across Time -- C. Linzey's Protectionist Theology -- 1. Creation -- 2. Covenant -- 3. Challenges -- 4. Life of Jesus -- 5. Linzey's Generosity Paradigm -- Summary -- D. Discussion -- 1. General Issues -- 2. Interpretation of Scripture -- 3. Theoretical Considerations -- Conclusion -- CHAPTER SIX CONSISTENCY ACROSS RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS -- 1. Indigenous Traditions -- 2. Vedic/Hindu Tradition -- 3. Buddhism -- 4. Daoism and Other Chinese Religions -- 5. Islam -- Conclusion -- PART FOUR CONSISTENCY AND IMPARTIALITY IN APPLIED PROTECTIONIST PHILOSOPHY -- CHAPTER SEVEN SIX MEDICAL CASES: THE VALUE OF INNOCENT HUMAN LIFE -- 1. Six Medical Cases -- 2. Comparative Value of Human Life -- 3. Western Ethics and the Value of Human Life in Practice -- CHAPTER EIGHT -- MINIMIZE HARM MAXIM -- Premise One: All Living Entities Have Moral Standing -- Premise Two: Death and Harm Are Part of Life -- Premise Three: Hierarchies of Moral Standing Are Indefensible -- Maxim: Minimize Harm -- Subpoint One: Minimize Interference -- Subpoint Two: We May Use Other Life-Forms Only with Consent -- Subpoint Three: Intentions Matter -- Subpoint Four: Self-Defense Is Morally Permissible -- Extending Ethics Regarding Protection of Human Life:A Parallel Theory -- Conclusion -- CHAPTER NINE APPLICATION: CONTEMPORARY MORAL DILEMMAS -- A. Ongoing Protectionist Issues -- 1. Zoos and Circuses -- 2. Clothing -- 3. Diet -- 4. Science -- 5. Anymal Companions -- B. Hypothetical Scenarios -- 1. Organs versus Organisms/Species versus Individuals -- 2. Adrift on a Lifeboat -- Conclusion -- CHAPTER TEN REVIEW AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- A. Overview.

1. A Conspicuous Problem -- 2. A Cooperative Enterprise -- 3. The Minimize Harm Maxim -- B. Philosophical Standards and the Minimize Harm Maxim -- 1. Ethical Theories -- 2. Examining the Minimize Harm Maxim -- 3. Comparison -- C. Reexamining Predominant Western Ethics -- 1. Reconsidering the Value of Human Life -- 2. Continuing the Trend-Moving Ethics Outward -- 3. Human Limitations -- 4. An Ongoing Endeavor -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX.