STANDARD ALPHABET FOR REDUCING UNWRITTEN LANGUAGES AND FOREIGN GRAPHIC SYSTEMS TO A UNIFORM ORTHOGRAPHY IN EUROPEAN LETTERS -- Edotirial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- PREFACE -- USE OF SYMBOLS -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- I. INTRODUCTION TO LEPSUS'S 'STANDARD ALPHABET' -- INTRODUCTORY -- 1.0 CARL RICHARD LEPSIUS, 1810-1884 -- 2.0 UNIVERSAL ALPHABETS -- 2.1 THE PROBLEMS OF DEVISING A UNIVERSAL ALPHABET -- 2.2 EARLY ATTEMPTS TO PROVIDE A UNIVERSAL ALPHABET -- 2.3 DEVICES FOR SUPPLEMENTING THE ROMAN ALPHABET -- 2.4 THE 18TH CENTURY -- 2.5 ORIENTAL SCRIPTS -- 2.5.1 Sir William Jones. -- 2.5.2 Volney. -- 2.6 THE VOLNEY PRIZE AND SCHLEIERMACHER -- 2.7 ALPHABETS FOR UNWRITTEN LANGUAGES -- 2.7.1 North America -- 2.7.2 Africa. -- 2.8 LEPSIUS AND THE ALPHABETICAL CONFERENCE OF 1854 -- 2.9 THE PUBLICATION OF LEPSIUS'S STANDARD ALPHABET -- 2.10 PHONETIC SCRIPTS IN BRITAIN -- 2.10.1 A.J. Ellis. -- 2.10.2 A.M. Bell. -- 2.10.3 Henry Sweet -- 2.11 PHONETIC SCRIPTS IN AMERICA: S.S. HALDEMAN -- 2.12 PHONETIC SCRIPTS IN GERMANY -- 2.12.1 Ernst Brücke and Carl Merkel. -- 2.12.2 M. Thausing, -- 2.12.3 F. du Bois-Reymond. -- 2.13 SUMMARY OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SCHEMES DESCRIBED -- 3.0 LEPSIUS'S STANDARD ALPHABET -- 3.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DESCRIPTION -- 3.2 THE VOWELS -- 3.2.1 The colour analogy -- 3.2.2 Vowel diagrams. -- 3.2.3 Discussion of Lepsius's approach to vowel description -- 3.2.4 The 'indistinct' vowel. -- 3.2.5 Consonantal influence on vowels. -- 3.2.6. Conclusion. -- 3.3 THE CONSONANTS -- 3.3.1 Framework of description. -- 3.3.2 The forms of modification -- 3.3.2.1 Fortis/lenis. -- 3.3.2.2 Tenuis/media/aspirata. -- 3.3.2.3 Semivowels and 'ancipites' -- 3.3.3 Place of articulation. -- 3.3.3.1 Faucal. -- 3.3.3.2 Guttural. -- 3.3.3.3 Palatal. -- 3.3.3.4 Cerebral. -- 3.3.3.5 Lingual. -- 3.3.3.6 Dental. -- 3.3.3.7 Labial.

3.3.4 Double and Secondary articulations. -- 3.3.5 Non-pulmonic sounds. -- 3.4 NOTATION -- 3.4.1 Vowel notation. -- 3.4.2 Consonant notation -- 3.5 THE DESCRIPTIONS OF LANGUAGES IN PART II -- 3.6 LEPSIUS'S CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES -- 4.0 LEPSIUS UNIVERSAL ALPHABETS AFTER -- 5.0 CONCLUSION -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- RICHARD LEPSIUS: LIST OF PUBLICATIONS -- INDEX -- II. STANDARD ALPHABET FOR REDUCING UNWRITTEN LANGUAGES AND FOREIGN GRAPHIC SYSTEMS TO A UNIFORM ORTHOGRAPHY IN EUROPEAN LETTERS -- ADVERTISEMENT TO THE FIRST EDITION. -- ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SECOND EDITION. -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Introduction to the Second Edition. -- FIRST PART. HISTORICAL AND SYSTEMATICAL DEVELOPMENT. -- The Scientific Object of this Alphabet -- The Practical Object of this Alphabet -- What has been done by Science for the Solution of this Problem, up to the present Time? -- What has been done by the MISSIONARY SOCIETIES for the Solution of the Question? -- THE SYSTEM PROPOSED. -- A. THE SYSTEM OF VOWELS. -- B. THE SYSTEM OF CONSONANTS. -- On the Division of Consonants. -- Upon what Principles are these Sounds to be rendered in a General Alphabet. -- German ng. -- Guttural r. -- German j. -- German ch. -- English sh, French ch, German sch. -- French j. -- English strong th. -- The soft English th, and the Modern Greek y. -- Enlargement of the Alphabet by the Addition of the Foreign Sounds of Oriental Languages. -- I. THE FAUCAL CLASS. -- II. THE GUTTURAL CLASS. -- III. THE PALATAL CLASS. -- IV. THE CEREBRAL CLASS. -- V. THE LINGUAL or GUTTURO-DENTAL CLASS -- VI. THE DENTAL CLASS -- VII. THE LABIAL CLASS -- The Consonants of the General Alphabet. -- Examples of Pronunciation. -- On the Aspirates and Consonantal Diphthongs. -- On the Application of the General Alphabet to the Alphabet of particular Languages.

SECOND PART. COLLECTION OF ALPHABETS REDUCED TO THE STANDARD ALPHABET. -- GENERAL DIVISION OF LANGUAGES. -- LITERARY LANGUAGES. -- GENDER LANGUAGES -- SANSKRIT. -- Ancient pronunciation. -- Modern pronunciation. -- Specimen. -- Old pronunciation. -- Modern pronunciation. -- Remarks. -- PALLI. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- OLD PRAKRIT. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- HINDĪ. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- HINDŪSTĀNĪ. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- SINDHĪ. -- Specimen. -- Hindū character. -- Musalmăncharacter. -- Remarks. -- GUJARATI. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- MARĀTHI. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- PANJABI or SIKH -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- NIPÄLI. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- BAÑGĀLĪ -- Remarks. -- URIYA. -- Remarks. -- PASTO or AFTAN. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- OLD BAKTRIAN (ZEND). -- Original pronunciation. -- Later (Persian) pronunciation. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- OLD PERSIAN (CUNEIFORM) -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- MODERN PERSIAN. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- ARMENIAN. -- Modern pronunciation in Armenia. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- KURD (Zazá dialect). -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- OSSETIAN. -- Georgian characters. -- Specimen. -- Dialect of Jalgusidse. -- Digoriandialect. -- Tagaurian dialect. -- Remarks. -- LITUANIAN. -- Specimen. -- Transcription. -- Remarks. -- Vowels. -- Consonants. -- OLD SLOVENIAN. -- Glagolitic. -- Cyrillian. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- SERBIAN (Illirian). -- Cyrillian writing. -- Latinwriting. -- Standard alphabet. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- RUSSIAN. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- CHESKIAN (BOHEMIAN). -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- POLISH -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- SORBIAN (High-Lusatian, Wendic) -- Remarks. -- RUMANIAN (Walachian). -- Cyrillian letters. -- Mixed letters. -- Etymological alphabet. -- Standard alphabet. -- Specimen. -- Cyrillian letters. -- Mixed letters. -- Etymological writing. -- Transcription. -- With accents.

Remarks. -- OLD ICELANDIC. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- WELSH (KIMRI). -- Specimen. -- Transcription. -- Remarks. -- HEBREW. -- Former pronunciation. -- Later pronunciation. -- Specimen. -- Formerpronunciation. -- Later pronunciation. -- Remarks. -- SYRIAN. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- ARABIC. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- GE5EZ(ETHIOPIC). -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- AMHARIC. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- OLD EGYPTIAN -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- COPTIC. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- BEJA (BISARI, ETHIOPIAN). -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- GALLA. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- TAMA SEQ. -- Speci men. -- Remarks. -- HAUSA. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- ΝΑΜΑ (NAMAQUA). -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- NO- GENDER LANGUAGES -- MANJU. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- SHARRA-MONGOLIAN. -- Remarks. -- BURYETIC. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- YAKUTIC -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- TURKISH. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- TURKMENIAN. -- KAZAK (WESTERN KIRGHIZ, small horde). -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- SAMOYEDIC DIALECTS. -- Remarks. -- MAD'ARIC (HUNGARIAN). -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- MORDVINIAN (Moksa dialect). -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- LIVONIAN. -- Specimen of the Kolken dialeet. -- Remarks. -- ΤAMIL (TAMULIAN). -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- MALAYALAM. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- TULU -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- KARNĀŢAKA (KANARESE). -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- TELUGU (TELINGU). -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- KWAN-HWA (MANDARINIC) -- dialect of Nan-kin. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- HOK-LO. -- Remarks. -- HAKKA. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- THAI (Siamese dialect). -- Remarks. -- KAMBOJA. -- Remarks. -- MRANMA (BURMESE). -- Rem arks. -- YUKAGIRIC. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- CHUKCHIC (CAUCAU). -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- JAPANESE. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- TIBETAN. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- GEORGIAN. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- TUŠ. -- Remarks. -- ALBANIAN (Toskan dialect.). -- Specimen.

Remarks. -- MALAYAN. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- ΒΑΤΑΚ. -- Remarks. -- JAVANESE. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- DAYAK (Borneo). -- Specimen. -- MAKASSAR. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- BUGIS. -- Remarks. -- EASTERN POLYNESIAN LANGUAGES. -- ILLITERATE LANGUAGES. -- AUSTRALIAN or PAPUAN LANGUAGES. -- SOUTH AUSTRALIAN. -- Remarks. -- ANNΑΤΟ Μ (New Hebrides). -- Specimen. -- MARE (Loyalty Islands), -- Specimen. -- VITI (Fiji Islands). -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- AFRICAN LANGUAGES. -- SUÁHELI (KI-SUAHELI). -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- MAKÚA(Mosambique). -- Remarks. -- TŠUĀNA (SE-TŠUĀNA, BE-TŠUĀNA). -- Remarks. -- KAFIR, Zulu(Ama-Zulu) dialect. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- KAFIR, //Osa (Ama //Osa) dialect. -- Specimen. -- HERERO(O-TYI-HERERÓ). -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- FERNANDO PO. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- IBO. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- YÓRŪBA. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- EWE, Arilo (Aongla) -dialect. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- AKRA (GÄ). -- Specimen. -- Bemärks. -- TYI (O-TYL OJI), Akwapim dialect. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- ΤΕΜΝΕ. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- VEL. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- SUSU. -- Remarks. -- MANDINGA. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- WOLOF. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- FUL (FULAH). -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- KÁNURI (BORNU). -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- KOÑGÁRA (DAR-FUR). -- NUBA. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- AMERICAN LANGUAGES. -- INDIAN LANGUAGES OF NORTH AMERICA. -- Remarks. -- GREENLANDIC. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- MASSATSŪSET. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- IROKWOIS. -- Remarks. -- MUSKOKI. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- TSAHTA(CHOKTAW). -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- TSALAGI (CHIROKI). -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- DAKOTA. -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- OTOMI. -- Remarks. -- KHETSÜA (QQUICHÜA, PERUVIAN). -- Specimen. -- Remarks. -- KIRIRI. -- Remarks. -- GENERAL TABLE OF LANGUAGES. -- POSTSCRIPT. -- STANDARD ALPHABET, SECOND EDITION 1863.

SECOND POSTSCRIPT.