Front Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- About the Authors -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Chapter Summaries -- 1. Rethinking Cities -- The Effect of the Breakup of an Empire on the Region's Cities -- Back to the Market: New Realities for Cities since the Breakup -- Going Forward: Rethinking Eurasian Cities -- Notes -- References -- 2. Planning Cities -- The Soviet Past: The Era of Soviet Planning -- The Transitional Present: Planning's Fall from Grace -- A Sustainable Future: The Rebirth of Planning -- Annex 2A -- Notes -- References -- 3. Connecting Cities -- The Soviet Past: Connecting to a Preeminent Center -- The Transitional Present: Living in a Multihub World -- A Sustainable Future: Moving toward Better Integration -- Annex 3A -- Notes -- References -- 4. Greening Cities -- The Soviet Past: Institutions without Markets -- The Transitional Present: Weak Institutions and Weak Markets -- A Sustainable Future: Strong Institutions and Strong Markets -- Annex 4A -- Notes -- References -- Statistical Websites -- 5. Financing Cities -- Intergovernmental Financing in the Soviet Union -- Intergovernmental Financing during the Transition -- Intergovernmental Financing Today -- Conclusion -- Annex 5A: Financing Connectivity -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- 1.1 Local Institution Development in Kazan -- 2.1 Housing Swap Scheme in Georgia -- 3.1 Declining Road Safety -- 4.1 What Is the Best Way to Reduce Emissions from a Taxi Fleet? -- 5.1 The Communist Party and the Soviet Political Structure -- 5.2 Territorial Reform in Georgia -- 5.3 Norms, Inefficiencies, and Unfunded Mandates in Ukraine -- 5.4 Choosing among Local Benefit Taxes -- 5.5 Subnational Finance in China -- 5.6 Resistance to Homeowner Associations in the Former Soviet Union -- 5.7 Technical Constraints on Water Metering.

5A.1 Financing Highways with Toll Roads -- 5A.2 Is Earmarking Road Taxes a Good Idea? -- Exhibits -- 0.1 Size Distribution of Cities in the Soviet Union, 1939, 1959, 1974, and 1989 -- 0.2 Population Trends in Eurasian Cities, 1992-2011 -- 1.1 Population Trends in Eurasian Cities, 1992-2011 -- 1.2 Mean Surface Temperature in the Soviet Union, January 1990 -- 1.3 Size Distribution of Cities in the Soviet Union, 1939, 1959, 1974, and 1989 -- 1.4 Development of Baku, 1918, 1940, 1960, and 1980 -- 1.5 Pollution in Former Soviet Union Cities, 1992 and 2004 -- 2.1 Floor Area of Food and Consumer Goods Stores in Moscow, 1989 -- 2.2 Industrial and Similar Uses in Selected Cities in the Former Soviet Union, 2009 -- 2.3 Distribution of Males in the Soviet Union, 1989 -- 3.1 The Trans-Asia-Europe Optical Fiber Cable Network -- 4.1 Air Pollution from Transport in the Soviet Union, 1988 -- 4.2 Moscow Green Areas -- 4.3 Air Pollution from Stationary Sources in Cities in the Russian Federation, 1992 and 2009 -- 4.4 Developments in Public Transport in Selected Eurasian Cities -- Figures -- 0.1 Population Shares Living in Cities of 1 Million People or More, 1990-2010 -- 1.1 Destination of Nonnatural Resource-Intensive Exports from the Central Asian Countries, 2003 and 2008 -- 2.1 GDP per Capita in Selected Countries, 1990-2008 -- 2.2 Density in Selected Cities and Their Peripheries, 1990 -- 2.3 Industrial Area as Percentage of Built-Up Area in Selected Cities, 2010 -- 2.4 New Construction in Armenia and Georgia and Their Capitals -- 2.5 Young and Old People, by Country, 1991 and 2008 -- 3.1 Railway Traffic Volumes in the Soviet Union and Successor Countries, 1985-2007 -- 3.2 Time, Cost, and Distance of Transport along the Almaty-Berlin Trade Route, circa 2003 -- 3.3 Internet Penetration Rates in Selected Countries, 2010.

3.4 Share of Broadband Subscribers per Capita in Selected Countries, 2009 -- 3.5 Number of Fixed Broadband Connections in the Former Soviet Union and the World, 2000-08 -- 4.1 Electricity Production in Western Europe and the Soviet Union, 1950-80 -- 4.2 Production of Primary Energy in the Soviet Union and Elsewhere, 1950s-80s -- 4.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Selected Countries, 1989-2007 -- 4.4 Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Selected Countries, 1990 and 2007 -- 4.5 Electric Power Consumption in Selected Countries, 1990-2007 -- 4.6 Composition of Energy Sources in Selected Countries, 1990 and 2007 -- 4.7 Motor Gasoline Consumption in Selected Countries, 2000 and 2008 -- 4.8 Household Consumption per Capita in the Former Soviet Union, by Country, 1991-2008 -- 4.9 Water Use in Selected Countries, by Sector and Year -- 4.10 Municipal Water Withdrawal in Selected Countries, 2002 -- 4.11 Respiratory Diseases per 1,000 People in Selected Countries, 2004 -- 4.12 Indexes of Exposure to Climate Change and Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change in the Former Soviet Union, by Country -- 4.13 Net Energy Imports in the Former Soviet Union, by Country, 2007 -- 4.14 Real Prices of Coal, Gas, and Oil on World Market, 1991-2008 -- 4.15 Proposed Clean Energy Mix for California -- 4.16 Retail Prices for Gasoline in Selected Countries, 2008 -- 5.1 GDP in the Russian Federation, 1989-2009 -- 5.2 Revenue Composition in St. Petersburg, 2005-09 -- 5.3 Expenditure Composition in St. Petersburg, 2010 -- 5.4 Revenue Composition in Kiev, 2007-09 -- 5.5 Municipal Expenditure Composition in Kiev, 2009 -- 5.6 Municipal Expenditure Composition in Tbilisi, 2009 -- 5.7 Aggregate Tax Burden in the Former Soviet Union, by Country, 2009 -- 5.8 Personal Income Tax as Percentage of GDP in Selected Countries, 2009 or Most Recent Available.

5.9 Property Tax as Percentage of GDP in Selected Countries, 2009 or Most Recent Available -- 5.10 Household Payments for Communal Services in the Russian Federation, 1994-2005 -- 5.11 Cost-Recovery Levels in Public Transit in the Russian Federation, by Mode, 1995-2003 -- 5A.1 Number of Telephones per 100 People in Selected Countries, 2009 -- Tables -- 0.1 Issues That Cities Face in the Former Soviet Union and Ways Forward -- 1.1 Industrial Production in the Former Soviet Union, by Ownership Type, 1928, 1937, 1950, and 1960 -- 1.2 Ethnic Composition of Net Migration from Eurasia (Excluding the Russian Federation) and the Baltics to the Russian Federation, 1990-94 -- 1.3 Percentage of Total Exports, Unless Otherwise Indicated -- 1.4 Issues That Cities Face in the Former Soviet Union and Ways Forward -- 2.1 Housing Conditions in Selected Cities in the Former Soviet Union, 1988 -- 2.2 Homeownership Rates in Selected Countries, 2005 -- 2.3 Number of Passenger Cars, by Country, 1993 and 2007 -- 2.4 Average Daily Hours of Operation of Water Services, by Country -- 2.5 Reported Numbers of Homeowner Associations in the Former Soviet Union, by Country, 2010 -- 2.6 Water Tariffs and Cross-Subsidy Rates in Regions' Capital Cities, 2010 -- 2A.1 Car Registration in the Former Soviet Union, by Country -- 2A.2 Length and Capacity of Metro Systems in the Former Soviet Union, by City, 2010 -- 3.1 Maritime Port Volumes in the Former Soviet Union, 2009 -- 3.2 Centrality Indicators for Capital Cities in Eurasian Aviation Network -- 3.3 Number of Weekly Direct Services and Indirect Connections at Main Hubs -- 3.4 Selected Bilateral Agreements with the Russian Federation -- 3A.1 Air Carriers' Networks, 2000-11 -- 3A.2 Peripheralization of Eurasian Cities -- 3A.3 Onward Connectivity: Number of Available Indirectly Connected City Pairs, by Origin City, Hub, and Destination.

3A.4 Hub Connectivity: Number of Connected City-Pairs via Selected Airports -- 3A.5 Total Turnaround Costs for Selected Cities -- 4.1 Atmospheric Pollution Emissions in Selected Cities, 1987 -- 4.2 Vehicle Production in the Soviet Union and Selected Countries, 1960-86 -- 4.3 Generation and Disposal of Toxic Waste in the Soviet Union, by Sector, 1990 -- 4.4 Performance of Water and Wastewater Sector in the Former Soviet Union, 1989 -- 4.5 Commuter Statistics in Selected Cities, 1998 -- 4.6 Waste Disposal Methods in Selected Cities, 1998 -- 4.7 Market, Mixed, and Government Solutions to Increasing Energy Efficiency -- 4A.1 The 25 Coldest Cities in the Russian Federation and North America with about 500,000 People, 2001 -- 5.1 Structure of Subnational Government in the Soviet Union -- 5.2 Distribution of Tax Instruments across Subnational Tiers of Government in the Russian Federation, 2009 -- 5.3 Distribution of Shared Taxes in Tajikistan, 2009 -- 5.4 Distribution of Shared Taxes in Ukraine, 2009 -- 5.5 Personal Income Tax Rates in the Former Soviet Union, by Country, 2010 -- Back Cover.