Front Cover -- Heat Pipes: Theory, Design and Applications -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface to sixth edition -- Preface to first edition -- Acknowledgements -- Nomenclature -- Introduction -- I.1 The Heat Pipe - Construction, Performance and Properties -- I.2 The Development of the Heat Pipe -- I.3 The Contents of This Book -- References -- 1 Historical development -- 1.1 The Perkins Tube -- 1.2 Patents -- 1.3 The Baker's Oven -- 1.4 The Heat Pipe -- 1.5 Can Heat Pipes Address Our Future Thermal Challenges? -- 1.6 Electrokinetics -- 1.7 Fluids and Materials -- 1.8 The Future? -- References -- 2 Heat transfer and fluid flow theory -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Operation of heat pipes -- 2.2.1 Wicked heat pipes -- 2.2.2 Thermosyphons -- 2.2.3 Loop heat pipes and capillary pumped loops -- 2.3 Theoretical background -- 2.3.1 Gravitational head -- 2.3.2 Surface tension and capillarity -- 2.3.2.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2.2 Pressure difference across a curved surface -- 2.3.2.3 Change in vapour pressure at a curved liquid surface -- 2.3.2.4 Measurement of surface tension -- 2.3.2.5 Temperature dependence of surface tension -- 2.3.2.6 Capillary pressure ΔPc -- 2.3.3 Pressure difference due to friction forces -- 2.3.3.1 Laminar and turbulent flow -- 2.3.3.2 Laminar flow - the Hagen-Poiseuille equation -- 2.3.3.3 Turbulent flow - the Fanning equation -- 2.3.4 Flow in wicks -- 2.3.4.1 Pressure difference in the liquid phase -- 2.3.4.2 Homogeneous wicks -- 2.3.4.3 Non-homogeneous wicks -- 2.3.5 Vapour phase pressure difference, ΔPv -- 2.3.5.1 Introduction -- 2.3.5.2 Incompressible flow: simple one-dimensional theory -- 2.3.5.3 Incompressible flow - one-dimensional theories of Cotter and Busse -- 2.3.5.4 Pressure recovery -- 2.3.5.5 Two-dimensional incompressible flow -- 2.3.5.6 Compressible flow -- 2.3.5.7 Summary of vapour flow.

2.3.6 Entrainment -- 2.3.7 Heat transfer and temperature difference -- 2.3.7.1 Introduction -- 2.3.7.2 Heat transfer in the evaporator region -- 2.3.7.3 Boiling heat transfer from plane surfaces -- 2.3.7.4 Boiling from wicked surfaces -- 2.3.7.5 Liquid-vapour interface temperature drop -- 2.3.7.6 Wick thermal conductivity -- 2.3.7.7 Heat transfer in the condenser -- 2.4 Application of theory to heat pipes and thermosyphons -- 2.4.1 Wicked heat pipes -- 2.4.1.1 The merit number -- 2.4.1.2 Operating limits -- 2.4.1.3 Burnout -- 2.4.1.4 Gravity-assisted heat pipes -- 2.4.1.5 Total temperature drop -- 2.4.2 Thermosyphons -- 2.4.2.1 Working fluid selection -- 2.4.2.2 Entrainment Limit -- 2.4.2.3 Thermal resistance and maximum heat flux -- 2.5 Nanofluids -- 2.6 Summary -- References -- 3 Heat pipe components and materials -- 3.1 The Working Fluid -- 3.1.1 Nanofluids -- 3.2 The Wick or Capillary Structure -- 3.2.1 Homogeneous structures -- 3.2.2 Arterial wicks -- 3.3 Thermal Resistance of Saturated Wicks -- 3.3.1 Meshes -- 3.3.2 Sintered wicks -- 3.3.3 Grooved wicks -- 3.3.4 Concentric annulus -- 3.3.5 Sintered metal fibres -- 3.3.6 Ceramic wick structures -- 3.4 The Container -- 3.5 Compatibility -- 3.5.1 Historical compatibility data -- 3.5.2 Compatibility of water and steel - a discussion -- 3.5.2.1 The mechanism of hydrogen generation and protective layer formation -- 3.5.2.2 Work specifically related to passivation of mild steel -- 3.5.2.3 Use of an inhibitor -- 3.5.2.4 Production of a protective layer -- 3.5.2.5 Pipes with both inhibitor and oxide layers -- 3.5.2.6 Comments on the water-steel data -- 3.6 How About Water and Aluminium? -- 3.7 Heat Pipe Start-Up Procedure -- References -- 4 Design guide -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Heat Pipes -- 4.2.1 Fluid inventory -- 4.2.2 Priming -- 4.3 Design Example 1 -- 4.3.1 Specification.

4.3.2 Selection of materials and working fluid -- 4.3.2.1 Sonic limit -- 4.3.2.2 Entrainment limit -- 4.3.2.3 Wicking limit -- 4.3.2.4 Radial heat flux -- 4.3.2.5 Priming of the wick -- 4.3.2.6 Wall thickness -- 4.3.2.7 Conclusions on selection of working fluid -- 4.3.3 Detail design -- 4.3.3.1 Wick selection -- 4.3.3.2 Arterial diameter -- 4.3.3.3 Circumferential liquid distribution and temperature difference -- 4.3.3.4 Arterial wick -- 4.3.3.5 Final analysis -- 4.4 Design Example 2 -- 4.4.1 Problem -- 4.4.2 Solution - original design -- 4.4.3 Solution - revised design -- 4.5 Thermosyphons -- 4.5.1 Fluid inventory -- 4.5.2 Entrainment limit -- 4.6 Summary -- References -- 5 Heat pipe manufacture and testing -- 5.1 Manufacture and Assembly -- 5.1.1 Container materials -- 5.1.2 Wick materials and form -- 5.1.2.1 Wire mesh -- 5.1.2.2 Sintering -- 5.1.2.3 Vapour deposition -- 5.1.2.4 Microlithography and other techniques -- 5.1.2.5 Grooves -- 5.1.2.6 Felts and foams -- 5.1.3 Cleaning of container and wick -- 5.1.4 Material outgassing -- 5.1.5 Fitting of wick and end caps -- 5.1.6 Leak detection -- 5.1.7 Preparation of the working fluid -- 5.1.8 Heat pipe filling -- 5.1.8.1 Description of rig -- 5.1.8.2 Procedure for filling a heat pipe -- 5.1.9 Heat pipe sealing -- 5.1.10 Summary of assembly procedures -- 5.1.11 Heat pipes containing inert gas -- 5.1.11.1 Diffusion at the vapour-gas interface -- 5.1.11.2 Gas bubbles in arterial wick structures -- 5.1.12 Liquid metal heat pipes -- 5.1.13 Liquid metal heat pipes for the temperature range 500-1100°C -- 5.1.13.1 Cleaning and filling -- 5.1.13.2 Sealing -- 5.1.13.3 Operation -- 5.1.13.4 High-temperature liquid metal heat pipes >1200°C -- 5.1.13.5 Gettering -- 5.1.14 Safety aspects -- 5.1.15 3D printed heat pipes -- 5.2 Heat Pipe Life Test Procedures.

5.2.1 Variables to be taken into account during life tests -- 5.2.1.1 The working fluid -- 5.2.1.2 The heat pipe wall -- 5.2.1.3 The wick -- 5.2.2 Life test procedures -- 5.2.2.1 Effect of heat flux -- 5.2.2.2 Effect of temperature -- 5.2.2.3 Compatibility -- 5.2.2.4 Other factors -- 5.2.3 Prediction of long-term performance from accelerated life tests -- 5.2.4 A life test programme -- 5.2.5 Spacecraft qualification plan -- 5.3 Heat Pipe Performance Measurements (See Also Section 5.1.12) -- 5.3.1 The test rig -- 5.3.2 Test procedures -- 5.3.3 Evaluation of a copper heat pipe and typical performance -- 5.3.3.1 Capabilities -- 5.3.3.2 Test procedure -- 5.3.3.3 Test results -- 5.3.4 Tests on thermosyphons to compare working fluids -- References -- 6 Special types of heat pipe -- 6.1 Variable Conductance Heat Pipes -- 6.1.1 Passive control using bellows -- 6.1.2 Hot-reservoir VCHPs -- 6.1.3 Feedback control applied to the VCHP -- 6.1.3.1 Electrical feedback control (active) -- 6.1.3.2 Mechanical feedback control (passive) -- 6.1.3.3 Comparison of systems -- 6.2 Heat Pipe Thermal Diodes and Switches -- 6.2.1 The thermal diode -- 6.2.2 The heat pipe switch -- 6.3 Pulsating (Oscillating) Heat Pipes -- 6.4 Loop Heat Pipes and Capillary Pumped Loops -- 6.4.1 Thermosyphon loops -- 6.5 Microheat Pipes -- 6.6 Use of Electrokinetic Forces -- 6.6.1 Electrokinetics -- 6.6.2 Electrohydrodynamics -- 6.6.3 Optomicrofluidics -- 6.7 Rotating Heat Pipes -- 6.7.1 Factors limiting the heat transfer capacity of the rotating heat pipe -- 6.7.2 Applications of rotating heat pipes -- 6.7.3 Microrotating heat pipes -- 6.8 Miscellaneous Types -- 6.8.1 The sorption heat pipe -- 6.8.2 Magnetic fluid heat pipes -- References -- 7 Applications of the heat pipe -- 7.1 Broad Areas of Application -- 7.2 Heat Pipes in Energy Storage Systems.

7.2.1 Why use heat pipes in energy storage systems -- 7.2.2 Heat pipes in sensible heat storage devices -- 7.2.3 Tunnel structures and earth as a heat 'sink' -- 7.2.4 Nuclear reactors and storage facilities -- 7.2.5 Heat pipes in phase change stores (using PCMs) -- 7.2.5.1 The heat pipe in a passive cooling system for relieving air-conditioning loads -- 7.2.5.2 Field trials of the cooling unit -- 7.2.5.3 System advantages -- 7.3 Heat Pipes in Chemical Reactors -- 7.4 Aircraft and Spacecraft -- 7.4.1 Spacecraft temperature equalisation -- 7.4.2 Component cooling, temperature control and radiator design -- 7.4.3 Aircraft avionics thermal control -- 7.5 Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy -- 7.5.1 Heat pipes in renewable energy systems -- 7.5.1.1 The heat pipe turbine - power from low-grade heat -- 7.5.1.2 Heat pipes in solar energy -- 7.6 Preservation of Permafrost -- 7.7 Snow Melting and Deicing -- 7.8 Heat Pipes in the Food Industry -- 7.8.1 Heat pipes in chilled food display cabinets -- 7.8.2 Cooking, cooling and defrosting meat -- 7.9 Miscellaneous Heat Pipe Applications -- 7.10 Heat Pipe Applications - Bibliography -- References -- 8 Cooling of electronic components -- 8.1 Features of the Heat Pipe -- 8.1.1 Tubular heat pipes -- 8.1.1.1 Electrically isolated heat pipes -- 8.1.2 Flat plate heat pipes -- 8.1.2.1 Embedded heat pipes -- 8.1.2.2 Bent and flattened heat pipes -- 8.1.2.3 Vapour chamber heat pipe -- 8.1.3 Microheat pipes and arrays -- 8.1.4 Loop heat pipes -- 8.1.5 Pulsating heat pipes -- 8.1.6 Direct contact systems -- 8.1.7 Sheet heat pipes -- 8.1.8 Miscellaneous systems -- 8.2 Applications -- 8.2.1 Flexible heat pipes -- 8.2.1.1 Heat pipes to cool a concentrated heat source -- 8.2.1.2 Multi-kilowatt heat pipe assembly -- 8.2.2 Case study - E911 emergency location detection service.

8.2.3 Case study - pole-mounted telecom server heat pipe assembly.