Cover -- Handbook of Process Integration (PI): Minimisation of Energy and Water Use, Waste and Emissions -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributor contact details -- Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy -- Foreword -- Part I Overview of Process Integration and Analysis -- 1 Process Integration (PI): An Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 A Short History of Process Integration (PI) -- 1.3 Current Centres of Expertise in PI -- 1.4 Sources of Further Information -- 1.5 References -- 2 Basic Process Integration Terminology -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Process Integration Terms: The Importance of Context -- 2.3 Fundamental Process Integration Terms -- 2.4 Conventions: Symbols for Heaters and Coolers -- 2.5 References -- 2.6 Appendix: Nomenclature -- 3 Process Design, Integration and Optimisation: Advantages, Challenges and Drivers -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Grassroots Design versus Retrofit Design -- 3.3 Process Integration -- 3.4 Integration versus Intensification -- 3.5 Process Integration Techniques -- 3.6 Optimisation of Integrated Processes -- 3.7 Controllability of Integrated Processes -- 3.8 Process Integration under Disturbances -- 3.9 References -- Part II Heat Integration -- 4 Heat Integration: Targets and Heat Exchanger Network Design -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Stages in the Design of Heat Recovery Systems -- 4.3 Data Extraction -- 4.4 Performance Targets -- 4.5 Process Modifications -- 4.6 Network Design -- 4.7 Design Evolution -- 4.8 Conclusion -- 4.9 Sources of Further Information -- 4.10 References -- 5 Application of Process Integration to the Synthesis of Heat and Power Utility Systems Including Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and Industrial Heat Pumps -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Targeting Utility Loads and Temperature Levels -- 5.3 Integration of Advanced Energy Conversion Cycles as Process Utilities: Basic Concepts.

5.4 Process Integration of Heat Engines -- 5.5 Process Integration of Heat Pumps -- 5.6 Sources of Further Information and Advice -- 5.7 References -- 6 Total Site Methodology -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Data Extraction for Total Sites -- 6.3 Total Site Profiles and Total Site Composite Curves -- 6.4 Site Utility Grand Composite Curve (SUGCC) -- 6.5 Conclusion -- 6.6 Sources of Further Information -- 6.7 References -- 7 Extending Total Site Methodology to Address Varying Energy Supply and Demand -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Characteristics of Energy Supply and Demand -- 7.3 Thermal Energy Storage and Integrated Architecture -- 7.4 Terminology for Process Streams and Utilities -- 7.5 Identification of Time Slices -- 7.6 Heat Cascades for the Evaluation of Total Site Targets When There Is Variation in Supply and Demand -- 7.7 Case Study: Integration of Solar Thermal Energy into a Locally Integrated Energy Sector (LIES) -- 7.8 Conclusion -- 7.9 Sources of Further Information -- 7.10 References -- 7.11 Appendix: Nomenclature -- 8 Analysis and Design of Heat Recovery Systems for Grassroots and Retrofit Situations -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Extended Procedures for Grassroots Analysis -- 8.3 Extended Procedures for Grassroots Design -- 8.4 Retrofit Analysis and Design -- 8.5 Use of Optimisation for Heat Exchanger Network Synthesis -- 8.6 Conclusion -- 8.7 Sources of Further Information -- 8.8 References -- 9 Heat Integration in Batch Processes -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Graphical Technique for Heat Integration in Batch Process -- 9.3 Mathematical Technique for Heat Integration of Batch Plants -- 9.4 Case Study of a Multipurpose Batch Facility -- 9.5 Industrial Case Study -- 9.6 Conclusion -- 9.7 Sources of Further Information -- 9.8 References -- 9.9 Appendix: Glover Transformation (Glover, 1975) -- Part III Mass Integration.

10 Water Pinch Analysis for Water Management and Minimisation: An Introduction -- 10.1 Approaches for Water Management and Minimisation -- 10.2 Water Integration and Water Pinch Analysis -- 10.3 Water Pinch Analysis Steps -- 10.4 Examples of Successful Case Studies -- 10.5 Sources of Further Information and Advice -- 10.6 References -- 10.7 Appendix: Nomenclature -- 11 Using Systematic Design Methods to Minimise Water Use in Process Industries -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Water Use in Process Industries -- 11.3 Process Integration for Water Systems -- 11.4 Conclusions and Future Trends -- 11.5 Sources of Further Information -- 11.6 References -- 12 Synthesis of Water Networks with Water Loss and Gain via an Extended Pinch Analysis Technique -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Targeting a Single Water-Using Process -- 12.3 Process-based Graphical Approach (PGA) for Synthesis of Direct Reuse Water Networks -- 12.4 Conclusion -- 12.5 Sources of Further Information and Advice -- 12.6 Acknowledgements -- 12.7 References -- 12.8 Appendix: Nomenclature -- 13 Conserving Material Resources through Process Integration: Material Conservation Networks -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Overall Targeting of Material Conservation Networks -- 13.3 Mass Exchange Networks -- 13.4 Water-Pinch Analysis -- 13.5 Direct Recycle and Material Recycle Pinch Diagram -- 13.6 Property-Based Material Recycle Pinch Diagram -- 13.7 References -- 13.8 Appendix: Nomenclature -- Part IV Extended Process Integration -- 14 Process Integration for Cleaner Process Design -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 A Revised 'Onion Diagram' -- 14.3 Different Models for Total Material Network (TMN) -- 14.4 Case Study: Water Minimisation in a Water Fabrication Plant -- 14.5 Conclusion -- 14.6 Sources of Further Information -- 14.7 References -- 14.8 Appendix: Nomenclature.

15 Process Integration Concepts for Combined Energy and Water Integration -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Water-Energy Specifics and Challenges -- 15.3 Water Path Concept -- 15.4 State-of-the-Art Methodology for Combined Energy and Water Integration -- 15.5 Sequential, Simultaneous, Mathematical Programming -- 15.6 Conclusion -- 15.7 Sources of Further Information -- 15.8 References -- 16 Process Integration Techniques for Cogeneration and Trigeneration Systems -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Combined Heat and Power -- 16.3 Heat Integration of Trigeneration Systems -- 16.4 Conclusions -- 16.5 Sources of Further Information -- 16.6 References -- 16.7 Appendix: Nomenclature -- 17 Pinch Analysis for Sustainable Energy Planning Using Diverse Quality Measures -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Generalised Problem Statement -- 17.3 Graphical Targeting Procedure -- 17.4 Case Studies -- 17.5 Conclusion -- 17.6 Sources of Further Information -- 17.7 References -- 17.8 Appendix -- 18 A Unified Targeting Algorithm for Diverse Process Integration Problems -- 18.1 Introduction to Targeting Algorithms -- 18.2 Unified Approach to Diverse Resource Optimisation Problems -- 18.3 Basis for Unification -- 18.4 Unified Targeting Algorithm (UTA) -- 18.5 Heat Exchange Networks (HENs) and Mass Exchange Networks (MENs) -- 18.6 Water Networks: Case Study of a Specialty Chemical Plant -- 18.7 Hydrogen and Other Gas Networks -- 18.8 Property-Based Material Reuse Networks -- 18.9 Alternative Approaches to Targeting -- 18.10 Conclusion -- 18.11 Sources of Further Information -- 18.12 References -- 18.13 Appendix: Nomenclature -- 19 A Process Integration Approach for Supply Chain Development -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Supply Chain Characteristics and Performance Measurement -- 19.3 Supply Chain Development with Process Integration -- 19.4 Case Studies -- 19.5 Future Trends.

19.6 Sources of Further Information -- 19.7 References -- 20 Application of Heat Recovery Loops to Semi-continuous Processes for Process Integration -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Indirect Heat Recovery Systems -- 20.3 Application of Heat Recovery Loops to Semi-continuous Plants -- 20.4 A More Complex Example of a Heat Recovery Loop (HRL) -- 20.5 Case Study: Semi-continuous Multi-plant Dairy Factory -- 20.6 Conclusions and Future Trends -- 20.7 Sources of Further Information -- 20.8 References -- Part V Applications and Case Studies -- 22 Process Integration of an Oil Refinery Hydrogen Network -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Technology Review -- 22.3 An Industrial Case Study -- 22.4 Hydrogen Management in the Wider Context of Process Integration: Future Trends -- 22.5 Conclusion -- 22.6 Sources of Further Information -- 22.7 References -- 23 Retrofit Mass Integration of Acid Gas Removal Systems in Petrochemical Plants -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Review of Previous Work on Mass Exchanger Network Synthesis (MENS) and Retrofit of Existing Systems -- 23.3 Systems Studied: Venturi Scrubber System and Ethanolamine Absorber System -- 23.4 Pinch Approach -- 23.5 Hybrid Approach -- 23.6 Solution Equilibria -- 23.7 Results and Discussion -- 23.8 Conclusions and Sources of Further Information -- 23.9 Acknowledgements -- 23.10 References -- 23.11 Appendix: Nomenclature -- 24 Applications of Pinch Technology to Total Sites: A Heavy Chemical Industrial Complex and a Steel Plant -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 Case Study of a Heavy Chemical Complex -- 24.3 Case Study of a Steel Plant -- 24.4 Conclusion -- 24.5 Sources of Further Information -- 24.6 Acknowledgements -- 24.7 References -- 25 Applications of Process Integration Methodologies in the Pulp and Paper Industry -- 25.1 Introduction -- 25.2 Energy Demands and Sources in the Kraft Pulping Process.

25.3 Relations between the Heat Exchanger and Water Networks.