LTE, WIMAX and WLAN Network Design, Optimization and Performance Analysis -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- About the Author -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 The Business Plan -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Market Plan -- 1.3 The Engineering Plan -- 1.4 The Financial Plan -- 1.4.1 Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) -- 1.4.2 Operational Expenditure (OPEX) -- 1.4.3 Return of Investment (ROI) -- 1.5 Business Case Questionnaire -- 1.6 Implementing the Business Plan -- 2 Data Transmission -- 2.1 History of the Internet -- 2.2 Network Modeling -- 2.3 Internet Network Architecture -- 2.3.1 Router -- 2.3.2 Hub -- 2.3.3 Bridge -- 2.3.4 Switch -- 2.3.5 Gateway -- 2.4 The Physical Layer -- 2.4.1 Ethernet PHY -- 2.5 The Data Link Layer -- 2.5.1 Ethernet MAC -- 2.6 Network Layer -- 2.6.1 Internet Protocol (IP) -- 2.6.2 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) -- 2.6.3 Multicast and Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP) -- 2.6.4 Link Layer Control (LLC) -- 2.7 Transport Protocols -- 2.7.1 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) -- 2.7.2 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) -- 2.8 Routing Protocols -- 2.8.1 Basic IP Routing -- 2.8.2 Routing Algorithms -- 2.9 Application Protocols -- 2.9.1 Applications -- 2.9.2 Data Transfer Protocols -- 2.9.3 Real Time Protocols -- 2.9.4 Network Management Protocols -- 2.10 The World Wide Web (WWW) -- 3 Market Modeling -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Data Traffic Characterization -- 3.2.1 Circuit-Switched Traffic Characterization -- 3.2.2 Packet-Switched Traffic Characterization -- 3.2.3 Data Speed and Data Tonnage -- 3.3 Service Plan (SP) and Service Level Agreement (SLA) -- 3.4 User Service Classes -- 3.5 Applications -- 3.5.1 Application Types -- 3.5.2 Applications Field Data Collection -- 3.5.3 Application Characterization -- 3.6 Over-Subscription Ratio (OSR) -- 3.7 Services Summary.

3.8 RF Environment -- 3.9 Terminals -- 3.9.1 Terminal Types -- 3.9.2 Terminal Specification -- 3.10 Antenna Height -- 3.11 Geographic User Distribution -- 3.11.1 Geographic Customer Distribution -- 3.11.2 Customer's Distribution Layers -- 3.12 Network Traffic Modeling -- 3.12.1 Unconstrained Busy Hour Data User Traffic -- 3.12.2 Traffic Constraint Factor per Terminal Type -- 3.12.3 Expected Number of Users per Terminal Type -- 3.12.4 Busy Hour Traffic per Subscription -- 3.12.5 Daily Traffic per Subscription -- 3.12.6 Service Plan Tonnage Ranges -- 3.12.7 Number of Subscriptions per Service Plan -- 3.12.8 Total Number of Users -- 3.12.9 Mapping of Portable Terminal Users (MPU) -- 3.12.10 Users' Area Mapping -- 3.12.11 Hourly Traffic Variation -- 3.12.12 Prediction Service Classes (PSC) -- 3.12.13 Traffic Layers Composition -- 3.12.14 Network Traffic per Layer -- 3.13 KPI (Key Performance Indicator) Establishment -- 3.14 Wireless Infrastructure -- 4 Signal Processing Fundamentals -- 4.1 Digitizing Analog Signals -- 4.2 Digital Data Representation in the Frequency Domain (Spectrum) -- 4.3 Orthogonal Signals -- 4.3.1 Sine and Cosine Orthogonality -- 4.3.2 Harmonically Related Signals' Orthogonality -- 4.4 Combining Shifted Copies of a Sine Wave -- 4.5 Carrier Modulation -- 5 RF Channel Analysis -- 5.1 The Signal -- 5.2 The RF Channel -- 5.3 RF Signal Propagation -- 5.3.1 Free Space Loss -- 5.3.2 Diffraction Loss -- 5.3.3 Reflection and Refraction -- 5.4 RF Channel in the Frequency Domain -- 5.4.1 Multipath Fading -- 5.4.2 Shadow Fading -- 5.5 RF Channel in Time Domain -- 5.5.1 Wind Effect -- 5.5.2 Vehicles Effect -- 5.5.3 Doppler Effect -- 5.5.4 Fading Types -- 5.5.5 Multipath Mitigation Procedures -- 5.5.6 Comparing Multipath Resilience in Different Technologies -- 5.6 RF Channel in the Power Domain -- 5.7 Standardized Channel Models.

5.7.1 3GPP Empirical Channel Model -- 5.7.2 3GPP2 Semi-Empirical Channel Model -- 5.7.3 Stanford University Interim (SUI) Semi-Empirical Channel Model -- 5.7.4 Network-Wide Channel Modeling -- 5.8 RF Environment -- 5.8.1 Human Body Attenuation -- 5.8.2 Environment Penetration Attenuation -- 5.8.3 Rain Precipitation -- 5.8.4 Environment Fading -- 5.9 Fading -- 5.9.1 Fading Types -- 5.9.2 Fading Probability -- 5.9.3 Fading Distributions -- 5.9.4 The Rician Distribution (for Short-Term Fading with Combined LOS and NLOS) -- 5.9.5 The Suzuki Distribution (for Combined Long- and Short-Term Fading) -- 5.9.6 Traffic Simulation with Fading -- 6 RF Channel Performance Prediction -- 6.1 Advanced RF Propagation Models -- 6.1.1 Terrain Databases -- 6.1.2 Antenna Orientation -- 6.1.3 Propagation Models -- 6.1.4 Prediction Layers -- 6.1.5 Fractional Morphology -- 6.1.6 Korowajczuk 2D Model for Outdoor and Indoor Propagation -- 6.1.7 Korowajczuk 3D Model -- 6.1.8 CelPlan Microcell Model -- 6.2 RF Measurements and Propagation Model Calibration -- 6.2.1 RF Measurements -- 6.2.2 RF Propagation Parameters Calibration -- 6.3 RF Interference Issues -- 6.3.1 Signal Level Variation and Signal to Interference Ratio -- 6.3.2 Computing Interference -- 6.3.3 Cell Interference Statistical Characterization -- 6.3.4 Interference Outage Matrix -- 6.4 Interference Mitigation Techniques -- 6.4.1 Interference Avoidance -- 6.4.2 Interference Averaging -- 6.5 RF Spectrum Usage and Resource Planning -- 6.5.1 Network Footprint Enhancement -- 6.5.2 Neighborhood Planning -- 6.5.3 Handover Planning -- 6.5.4 Paging Zone Planning -- 6.5.5 Carrier Planning -- 6.5.6 Code Planning -- 6.5.7 Spectrum Efficiency -- 6.6 Availability -- 7 OFDM -- 7.1 Multiplexing -- 7.1.1 Implementation of an Inverse Discrete Fast Fourier Transform (iDFFT) -- 7.1.2 Implementation of a Discrete Fast Fourier Transform.

7.1.3 Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) -- 7.1.4 Single Carrier OFDM (SC-OFDM) -- 7.2 Other PAPR Reduction Methods -- 7.3 De-Multiplexing -- 7.4 Cyclic Prefix -- 7.5 OFDMA -- 7.6 Duplexing -- 7.6.1 FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) -- 7.6.2 TDD (Time Division Duplexing) -- 7.7 Synchronization -- 7.7.1 Unframed Solution -- 7.7.2 Framed Solution -- 7.8 RF Channel Information Detection -- 7.8.1 Frequency and Time Synchronization -- 7.8.2 RF Channel Equalization and Reference Signals (Pilot) -- 7.8.3 Information Extraction -- 7.9 Error Correction Techniques -- 7.10 Resource Allocation and Scheduling -- 7.10.1 FIFO (First In, First Out) -- 7.10.2 Generalized Processor Sharing (GPS) -- 7.10.3 Fair Queuing (FQ) -- 7.10.4 Max-Min Fairness (MMF) -- 7.10.5 Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) -- 7.11 Establishing Wireless Data Communications -- 7.11.1 Data Transmission -- 7.11.2 Data Reception -- 7.11.3 Protocol Layers -- 7.11.4 Wireless Communication Procedure -- 8 OFDM Implementation -- 8.1 Transmit Side -- 8.1.1 Bit Processing -- 8.1.2 Symbol Processing -- 8.1.3 Digital IF Processing -- 8.1.4 Carrier Modulation -- 8.2 Receive Side -- 8.2.1 Carrier Demodulation -- 8.2.2 Digital IF Processing -- 8.2.3 Symbol Processing -- 8.2.4 Bit Processing Stages -- 9 Wireless Communications Network (WCN) -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Wireless Access Network -- 9.2.1 Subscriber Wireless Stations (SWS) -- 9.2.2 Wireless Base Stations (WBS) -- 9.3 Core Network -- 9.3.1 Access Service Network (ASN) -- 9.3.2 Connectivity Service -- 9.3.3 Application Service -- 9.3.4 Operational Service -- 10 Antenna and Advanced Antenna Systems -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Antenna Basics -- 10.3 Antenna Radiation -- 10.3.1 Reactive Near Field (Reactive Region) -- 10.3.2 Radiating Near Field (Fresnel Region) -- 10.3.3 Far Field (Fraunhofer Region) -- 10.4 Antenna Types -- 10.4.1 Dipole (Half Wave Dipole).

10.4.2 Quarter Wave Antenna (Whip) -- 10.4.3 Omni Antenna -- 10.4.4 Parabolic Antenna -- 10.4.5 Horn Antenna -- 10.4.6 Antenna Type Comparison -- 10.5 Antenna Characteristics -- 10.5.1 Impedance Matching -- 10.5.2 Antenna Patterns -- 10.5.3 Antenna Polarization -- 10.5.4 Cross-Polarization -- 10.5.5 Antenna Correlation or Signal Coherence -- 10.6 Multiple Antennas Arrangements -- 10.6.1 SISO (Single In to Single Out) -- 10.6.2 SIMO (Single In to Multiple Out) -- 10.6.3 MISO (Multiple In to Single Out) -- 10.6.4 MISO-SIMO -- 10.6.5 MIMO (Multiple In to Multiple Out) -- 10.6.6 Adaptive MIMO Switching (AMS) -- 10.6.7 Uplink MIMO (UL-MIMO) -- 10.7 Receive Diversity -- 10.7.1 Equal Gain Combining (EGC) -- 10.7.2 Diversity Selection Combining (DSC) -- 10.7.3 Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) -- 10.7.4 Maximal Likelihood Detector (MLD) -- 10.7.5 Performance Comparison for Receive Diversity Techniques -- 10.8 Transmit Diversity -- 10.8.1 Receiver-Based Transmit Selection -- 10.8.2 Transmit Redundancy -- 10.8.3 Space Time Transmit Diversity -- 10.9 Transmit and Receive Diversity (TRD) -- 10.10 Spatial Multiplexing (Matrix B) -- 10.11 Diversity Performance -- 10.12 Antenna Array System (AAS), Advanced Antenna System (AAS) or Adaptive Antenna Steering (AAS) or Beamforming -- 11 Radio Performance -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Input RF Noise -- 11.3 Receive Circuit Noise -- 11.4 Signal to Noise Ratio -- 11.4.1 Modulation Constellation SNR -- 11.4.2 Error Correction Codes -- 11.4.3 SNR and Throughput -- 11.5 Radio Sensitivity Calculations -- 11.5.1 Modulation Scheme SNR -- 11.5.2 FEC Algorithm Gains -- 11.5.3 Mobility Effect -- 11.5.4 Permutation Effect -- 11.5.5 HARQ Effect -- 11.5.6 Improvement Reduction Factor for Antenna Systems -- 11.5.7 Receive Diversity -- 11.5.8 Transmit Diversity -- 11.5.9 Spatial Multiplexing -- 11.5.10 Spatial Multiplexing.

11.6 Radio Configuration.