CONTENTS -- Foreword 11 -- List of abbreviations 13 -- PART 1. METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES -- Chapter 1. Myths linguistics lives by -- 1.1. The axioms of orthodox linguistics 17 -- 1.2. The written language bias 25 -- 1.3. Representation and linguistic signs 28 -- 1.4. Grammar 36 -- 1.5. Meaning and communication 42 -- 1.6. Summary 49 -- Chapter 2. Toward a realistic language science -- 2.1. Introduction 51 -- 2.2. First generation cognitive science 53 -- 2.3. Second generation cognitive science 56 -- 2.4. Biology of cognition and language 61 -- 2.4.1. An alternative to the computational model of cognition 60 -- 2.4.2. Explaining the biology of language 64 -- 2.4.3. Methodological implications 70 -- 2.5. Semiotics and cognition 73 -- 2.5.1. Semiotics as metascience 73 -- 2.5.2. Biosemiotics 76 -- 2.5.3. A biocultural theory of meaning 80 -- 2.6. Distributed language and cognition 84 -- 2.7. Summary 92 -- Chapter 3. Autopoiesis and linguistic analysis -- 3.1. A new epistemology 95 -- 3.2. Representations and signs revisited 98 -- 3.2.1. Representations 98 -- 3.2.2. Phenomenology of signs 100 -- 3.3. Interpretation as meaning-making 102 -- 3.3.1. Sign and meaning, or what's amiss with the semantic triangle 102 -- 3.3.2. Signs in physical context 110 -- 3.3.3. Ontogenetic structural coupling as the basis for meaning-making 112 -- 3.4. Intentionality and signification 115 -- 3.4.1. The notion of intentionality 115 -- 3.4.2. Communication 117 -- 3.4.3. Reciprocal causality 119 -- 3.5. Summary 122 -- Chapter 4. Speech, writing, and cognition: whence the communicative dysfunction? -- 4.1. The great mystification 125 -- 4.2. Speech, thought, and writing: where rationalists go wrong 128 -- 4.2.1. Introductory remarks 128 -- 4.2.2. Language 129 -- 4.2.3. Language and thought 138 -- 4.2.4. Writing 142.

4.3. The concept of literacy and the 'code' model of language 146 -- 4.4. Speech and writing as cognitive domains 148 -- 4.5. Types of linguistic interactions 153 -- 4.6. The bio-socio-cognitive function of speech and writing 156 -- 4.7. Summary 158 -- PART 2. THE LANGUAGING OBSERVER -- Chapter 5. Grammar and cognition -- 5.1. Science and common sense 163 -- 5.2. Approaching the concept of grammar 164 -- 5.2.1. What does the term "grammar" refer to? 164 -- 5.2.2. How systemic is grammar? 168 -- 5.3. The purpose of grammar 176 -- 5.3.1. The sign system of spoken language vs. the symbolic system of written language 176 -- 5.3.2. The orientational function of natural language and its consequences for grammar 178 -- 5.3.3. Grammar as knowledge structure 185 -- 5.4. Summary 189 -- Chapter 6. Aspect: where Russian and English meet -- 6.1. Introductory remarks 193 -- 6.2. Aspect in Russian 195 -- 6.2.1. Boundedness and totality 195 -- 6.2.2. The morphology of aspect 199 -- 6.2.3. The grammatical paradigm of the Russian verb 206 -- 6.3.4. The Syntax of aspect 211 -- 6.2.5. The meaning of aspect 217 -- 6.3. Aspect and the participle 219 -- 6.3.1. The morphology of participles and constraints an their use 219 -- 6.3.2. The nature of the functional asymmetry of participles 223 -- 6.4. Aspect in English 228 -- 6.4.1. Divorcing tense from aspect 228 -- 6.4.2. Aspect undisguised 233 -- 6.4.3. Pedagogical implications 238 -- 6.5. Summary 241 -- Chapter 7. Interpreting linguistic structure: how we know who does what when -- 7. 1. Complex sentence as a cognitive structure 243 -- 7.1.1. Introduction 243 -- 7.1.2. The data 245 -- 7.1.3. The hypothesis and discussion 249 -- 7.2. The cognitive distinction in infinitive/participle clausal arguments 254 -- 7.2.1. The problem 254 -- 7.2.2. What non-finite clausal arguments describe 257.

7.2.3. Clausal arguments as structures for knowledge representation 260 -- 7.3. Summary 264 -- Chapter 8. Nominal gender: a case from Russian -- 8.1. The problem with traditional semantic classification 267 -- 8.2. Nouns vs. pronouns 270 -- 8.2.1. The logic of naive classification 270 -- 8.2.2. Etymology 272 -- 8.3. The hypothesis 273 -- 8.4. Case study 276 -- 8.5. Summary 280 -- Bibliography 283.