Title Page -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- FOREWORD -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 Ionic Liquids Modify the AOT Interfacial Curvature and Self-Assembly -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 HOW TO INVESTIGATE SURFACTANT SYSTEMS: PGSE-NMR -- 1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE WATER/bmimBF4 BINARY SYSTEM -- 1.4 THERMODYNAMICS OF SURFACTANT SYSTEMS -- 1.5 THE TERNARY SYSTEMS -- 1.6 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 Characterization of Self-Assembled Amphiphiles in Ionic Liquids -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES -- 2.2.1 Interface Techniques -- 2.2.2 Bulk Techniques -- 2.3 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 Self-Assembly of Nonionic Surfactants in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 MICELLIZATION OF NONIONIC SURFACTANTS IN RTILs -- 3.3 BINARY PHASE BEHAVIOR OF NONIONIC SURFACTANTS WITH RTILs -- 3.4 ADSORPTION OF NONIONIC SURFACTANTS AT SOLID/RTIL INTERFACES -- 3.5 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants: Synthesis, Molecular Structure, Micellar Properties and Applications -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 OUTLINE OF SYNTHETIC STRATEGIES -- 4.3 SOLUTION PROPERTIES OF MICELLIZED ILBS -- 4.4 DISCUSSION OF THE MICELLAR PROPERTIES OF ILBSs -- 4.4.1 Dependence of cmc and ΔG0mic on the Number of Carbon Atoms of the Hydrophobic Tail, nC -- 4.5 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS OF ILBSs -- 4.5.1 Bio-related Applications -- 4.5.2 Antitumor Activity of ILs and ILBSs -- 4.5.3 Interactions with Biomacromolecules -- 4.5.4 Applications in Nanotechnology -- 4.6 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- NOTE ON THE ACRONYMS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 Ionic Liquids in Bulk and at an Interface: Self-Aggregation, Interfacial Tension, and Adsorption -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 ILs IN BULK: AGGREGATE FORMATION -- 5.3 ILs AT AIR-LIQUID INTERFACES: HIGH-TEMPERATURE ST.

5.4 ILs AT SOLID SURFACES: ADSORPTION AND MORPHOLOGY -- 5.5 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 Aggregation Behavior of Ionic Liquid-Based Gemini Surfactants and Their Interaction with Biomacromolecules -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 IL-BASED GEMINI SURFACTANT -- 6.2.1 Synthesis of IL-Based Gemini Surfactants -- 6.2.2 The Aggregation Behavior of IL-Based Gemini Surfactants in Aqueous Solution -- 6.2.3 The Behavior of IL-Based Gemini Surfactants at the Interface -- 6.3 THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN IL-BASED GEMINI SURFACTANTS AND BIOMACROMOLECULES -- 6.3.1 IL-Based Gemini Surfactants/DNA Complexes -- 6.3.2 IL-Based Gemini Surfactants/Protein Complexes -- 6.4 SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 Fluorescence Studies of the Microenvironments of the Morpholinium Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 POLARITY -- 7.3 VISCOSITY -- 7.4 STRUCTURAL HETEROGENEITY OF THE MORPHOLINIUM ILs -- 7.4.1 Excitation Wavelength-Dependent Emission Spectra -- 7.4.2 Solvation Dynamics -- 7.4.3 Time-Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy -- 7.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 Self-Assembly of Surface-Active Ionic Liquids in Aqueous Medium -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 8.2.1 Aggregation Behavior of Cationic Surfactant-Like ILs -- 8.2.2 Self-Assembly of Anionic Surfactant-Like ILs (ASAILs) in Aqueous Medium -- 8.2.3 Mixed Surfactants with IL as One or Both the Components in Aqueous Medium -- 8.2.4 Catanionic Surfactant-Like ILs (CASAILs) -- 8.3 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 Effect of a Surface-Active Lonic Liquid on Calixarenes -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 EXPERIMENTAL SECTION -- 9.2.1 Materials -- 9.2.2 Methods -- 9.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 9.3.1 Micelle Formation and Critical Micelle Concentration of [C10mim][Cl].

9.3.2 Molecular Absorbance of Calixarenes in the Presence of [C10mim][Cl] -- 9.3.3 Effect of Calixarenes on the Fluorescence of Probe Pyrene within Micellar [C10mim][Cl] -- 9.3.4 Interaction of Dansylated Calixarene (4) with [C10mim][Cl] -- 9.4 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 Ionic Liquids in Colloidal Regime -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES (BULK AND INTERFACIAL) -- 10.3 PHYSICOCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR AND BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS -- 10.3.1 Phase-Forming Behaviors and Microemulsifications of ILs -- 10.3.2 Applicability of Microemulsions in Colloidal Domain -- 10.3.3 Additive Influence on Microemulsion -- 10.4 CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11 Nanostructures of Amphiphiles and Microemulsions in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids -- 11.1 INTRODUCTION -- 11.2 AMPHIPHILES IN RTILs -- 11.2.1 Micellar Aggregation -- 11.2.2 Critical Micelle Concentration -- 11.3 AQUEOUS MICROEMULSIONS WITH ILs -- 11.3.1 Phase Diagram -- 11.3.2 Structure of the Single-Phase Microemulsion -- 11.3.3 Comparison of TX-100 with CiEj Surfactants -- 11.4 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12 Microemulsions with ionic liquids -- 12.1 INTRODUCTION -- 12.2 MICROEMULSIONS CONTAINING IONIC SURFACTANTS AND ILs -- 12.2.1 ILs Solubilized in Water -- 12.2.2 ILs as Polar Solvents -- 12.2.3 ILs as Polar Solvents and Surfactants -- 12.3 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 13 Properties of Ionic Liquid-Based Microemulsions -- 13.1 INTRODUCTION -- 13.2 NON AQUEOUS MICROEMULSIONS -- 13.3 AQUEOUS IL MICROEMULSIONS -- 13.4 MICROEMULSIONS WITH IL AS SURFACTANT -- 13.4.1 Long-Chain ILs in Oil-in-Water Microemulsions -- 13.4.2 Long-Chain ILs in Water-in-Oil Microemulsions -- 13.4.3 IL Surfactants with Long-Chain Anions -- 13.5 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES.

Chapter 14 Ionic Liquids in Soft Confinement: Effect of Reverse Micelle Interfaces on the Entrapped Ionic Liquid Structure -- 14.1 INTRODUCTION -- 14.2 EARLY STUDIES OF RM SYSTEMS WITH IL -- 14.3 EFFECT OF CONFINEMENT AND INTERFACE ON THE STRUCTURE OF ILs ENTRAPPED IN RMs -- 14.3.1 Size Characteristics of IL Containing RMs -- 14.3.2 Characteristics of IL in RMs: Response of a Molecular Probe -- 14.3.3 Characteristics of IL in RMs: NMR Spectroscopy -- 14.3.4 Characteristics of IL in RMs: FT-IR Spectroscopy -- 14.4 SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15 Designing a New Strategy for the Formation of IL-In-Oil Microemulsions Containing Double Chain Surface-Active Ionic Liquid -- 15.1 INTRODUCTION TO IONIC LIQUIDS -- 15.1.1 ILs in Aqueous Microemulsions -- 15.1.2 Water-Free IL-Based Microemulsions -- 15.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 15.2.1 Novel Strategy for the Preparation of IL-in-Oil Microemulsions -- 15.2.2 Methods to Adjust the Structural Parameters of IL-in-Oil Microemulsions -- 15.2.3 1H NMR Spectra -- 15.3 CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 16 Ionic Liquid-Based Microemulsions -- 16.1 INTRODUCTION -- 16.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF IL-BASED MICROEMULSIONS -- 16.2.1 IL-in-Oil and Oil-in-IL Microemulsions -- 16.2.2 IL-in-Water and Water-in-IL Microemulsions -- 16.2.3 IL-in-EG and EG-in-IL Microemulsions -- 16.2.4 IL-in-IL Microemulsion -- 16.2.5 IL-in-Supercritical CO2 and CO2-in-IL Microemulsions -- 16.3 APPLICATIONS -- 16.3.1 Material Synthesis -- 16.3.2 Polymerization -- 16.3.3 Biocatalysis -- 16.3.4 Chemical Reaction -- 16.3.5 Drug Release -- 16.3.6 Extraction of Hemoglobin -- 16.3.7 Capillary Electrophoresis -- 16.4 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 17 Ionic Liquid-Based Nonaqueous Microemulsion -- 17.1 INTRODUCTION.

17.2 1-BUTYL-3-METHYLIMIDAZOLIUM TETRAFLUOROBORATE ([bmim]BF4)-BASED NONAQUEOUS MICROEMULSION SYSTEMS -- 17.3 OTHER IL-BASED NONAQUEOUS MICROEMULSIONS -- 17.4 MICROEMULSIONS WITH MIXTURES OF IL AND POLAR SOLVENT AS POLAR PHASE -- 17.5 NONAQUEOUS MICROEMULSIONS WITH IL AS BOTH DISPERSED PHASE AND CONTINUOUS PHASE -- 17.6 NONAQUEOUS MICROEMULSIONS USING ILs AS BOTH SURFACTANT AND POLAR SOLVENT -- 17.7 APPLICATION OF IL-BASED NONAQUEOUS MICROEMULSIONS -- 17.8 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 18 Ionic Liquid Microemulsions and Applications -- 18.1 INTRODUCTION -- 18.2 IL-IN-OIL MICROEMULSIONS -- 18.2.1 Morphology, Size, Property, and Microstructure of IL Microemulsions -- 18.2.2 Phase Equilibrium and Critical Phenomena in the IL-in-Oil Microemulsion -- 18.3 IL MICROEMULSION AS REACTION MEDIUM -- 18.4 IL MICROEMULSION AS DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS -- 18.5 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 19 Ionic Liquid-In-Oil Microemulsions -- 19.1 INTRODUCTION -- 19.2 PHASE BEHAVIOR AND CONDUCTIVITY -- 19.3 POLARITY AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE IL NANODOMAIN -- 19.4 DYNAMICS IN THE IL POOL -- 19.5 EFFECT OF CONSTITUENTS ON DROPLET STRUCTURE -- 19.6 EFFECT OF WATER ON DROPLET STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS -- 19.7 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON MICROEMULSION STABILITY -- 19.8 APPLICATIONS OF IL/O MICROEMULSIONS AS NANOREACTORS -- 19.9 APPLICATIONS OF IL/O MICROEMULSIONS IN SUSTAINABLE POLYMER SYNTHESIS -- 19.10 APPLICATIONS OF IL/O MICROEMULSIONS AS DRUG DELIVERY MEDIA -- 19.11 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 20 Recent Advances in Bioionic Liquids and Biocompatible Ionic Liquid-Based Microemulsions -- 20.1 INTRODUCTION -- 20.1.1 Background and History of Ionic Liquids -- 20.1.2 Definition, Types, and Properties of ILs -- 20.1.3 Application of ILs in Various Fields -- 20.2 TOXICITY OF ILs.

20.3 STRATEGY FOR SYNTHESIS OF BIOIONIC LIQUIDS.