VOLCANOES: FORMATION, ERUPTIONSAND MODELLING -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- AIRBORNE MAGNETIC SURVEYS AND 3D MAGNETICMODELLING OF ACTIVE VOLCANOES IN JAPAN -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. AIRBORNE MAGNETIC SURVEYS OF VOLCANOES -- 3. METHOD OF 3D MAGNETIC MODELLING -- 3.1. The First Step -- 3.2. The Second Step -- 3.3. Other Calculated Parameters -- 4. 3D MAGNETIC STRUCTURE OF ACTIVE VOLCANOES IN JAPAN -- 4.1. Miyakejima -- 4.2. Izu-Oshima -- 4.3. Mt.Fuji -- 4.4. Suwanosejima -- 4.5. Nakanoshima -- 4.6. Sakurajima -- 5. RELATION BETWEEN MAGNETIZATION INTENSITIESAND SIO2 CONTENT(WT%) OF THE VOLCANOES -- 6. FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE 3DMAGNETIC ANALYSIS METHOD -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- THE USE OF A STATISTICAL MULTIPARAMETERAPPROACH FOR THE JOINT INTERPRETATION OFMULTIPLE PHYSICAL PROPERTY 3D EARTHMODELS: APPLICATION TO THE MOUNT ETNAVOLCANO (SOUTHERN ITALY) -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DATA SETS -- 1. Density Tomography -- 2. VP Tomography -- 3. QP Tomography -- STATISTICAL CLASSIFICATION METHODS -- DATA PROCESSING -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- EPISODIC MAGMA SUPPLY CHANGING ERUPTIONSTYLE AND ERUPTION FREQUENCY ESTIMATEDFROM LONG-TERM GEODETIC MEASUREMENTS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ERUPTION HISTORY BEFORE 2000 ERUPTIONIN MIYAKE VOLCANO -- Ofunato Stage -- Tsubota Stage -- Oyama Stage -- Shinmio Stage -- 2000 ERUPTION AND DIKE INTRUSION IN MIYAKE VOLCANO -- DATA -- 2.1. Leveling Survey and Sea Level Observation -- 2.3. GPS Observations -- 3. MODEL SETTING AND METHOD OF ANALYSIS -- 3.1. Model Selection -- 3.2. Time-Dependent Inversion -- RESULT -- Estimated Source Geometries -- Temporal Change in Sources -- DISCUSSION -- Episodic Magma Supply Changing Eruption Style and Eruption Frequency -- Miyake Volcano -- Asama Volcano -- Izu-Tobu Volcanoes -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

REFERENCES -- CATASTROPHIC VOLCANIC SECTOR COLLAPSES INJAPAN: A FUNDAMENTAL EROSION PROCESS ANDNATURAL HAZARD IN ISLAND ARCS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- SECTOR COLLAPSE OF A VOLCANIC EDIFICE -- REPRESENTATIVE VOLCANIC SECTOR COLLAPSES IN JAPAN -- SIGNIFICANCE OF SECTOR COLLAPSEAS A VOLCANIC BODY EROSION PROCESS -- CONTRIBUTION OF SECTOR COLLAPSES TOSEDIMENT SUPPLIED TO DEPOSITIONAL PLAINS -- HAZARDS IN ISLAND ARC SETTINGS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- MUD VOLCANO SYSTEMS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- SURFACE FEATURES -- MUD VOLCANOES: ORIGIN OF THE EXPELLED PRODUCTS -- Gas -- Water -- Solid Fraction -- RISKS ASSOCIATED TO MUD VOLCANOES -- Catastrophic Eruptions -- Mud Volcano Eruptions and Earthquakes -- PROCESS MODEL FOR MUD VOLCANO SYSTEMS -- Overpressure Generation -- Hydraulic Fracturing -- Reservoir Collapse -- Fluid Migration -- Solid Fraction Remobilization -- Mud Intrusions -- Stack of Mud Volcano Edifices -- Collapse -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- SOLIDIFICATION BEHAVIOUR OF NATURAL SILICATEMELTS AND VOLCANOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THEORETICAL BACKGROUND -- DATA AND ANALYSIS -- Data -- Determination of Tg, Tm and Trg -- Determination of NBO/T and F(Kinetic Fragility) -- Estimate of the Critical Cooling Rate -- DISCUSSION -- Theoretical vs Experimental Rc -- Rhyolitic Melts -- DISCUSSION -- Theoretical vs Experimental Rc -- Rhyolitic Melts -- Basaltic Melts -- Intermediate Silicate Melts -- Alkaline to Peralkaline Silicate Melts -- Assessment of the Glass Forming Ability -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF VOLCANIC ANDHYDROTHERMAL HAZARDS IN YELLOWSTONENATIONAL PARK AND VICINITY -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- FACTORS CONSIDERED IN THIS ASSESSMENT -- CURRENT STATE OF THE YELLOWSTONE SYSTEM -- Geologic Background -- Contemporary Activity -- Seismicity -- Crustal Deformation.

Hydrothermal and Gas Activity -- Pressures, Temperatures, and Fluids in Geothermal Systems -- Mechanisms of Hydrothermal Explosion -- Hydrothermal Explosions in Yellowstone -- Factors Contributing to Hydrothermal Explosions -- Toxic Gases -- THE HAZARDS -- Volcanic-Eruption Hazards -- Basaltic Eruptions -- Large Rhyolitic Eruptions -- Small Rhyolitic Eruptions -- Large Caldera-Forming Eruption -- Hydrothermal-Explosion Hazards -- How Often Do They Occur? -- Potential Effects -- Precursory Signals -- Where Are Hydrothermal Explosions Most Likely to Occur? -- Seasonal and Long-Term Effects on Hydrothermal Explosions -- Hazard Mitigation -- Gas-Emission Hazards -- Relevant Examples of Toxic Volcanic or Hydrothermal Gas Hazards -- Hazard Mitigation -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX 1. DESCRIPTION OF REPRESENTATIVE HISTORICHYDROTHERMAL EXPLOSIONS -- Porkchop Spring/Geyser -- Excelsior Geyser -- West Nymph Creek Thermal Area -- Black Opal/Wall Pool and Sapphire Pool -- Historic Hydrothermal Explosions Elsewhere -- APPENDIX 2. DESCRIPTION OF LARGE PREHISTORICHYDROTHERMAL ERUPTION SITES AT YELLOWSTONE -- Pocket Basin -- Mary Bay -- Elliott's Crater -- Evil Twin Explosion Crater -- Frank Island Explosion Crater -- Indian Pond -- Turbid Lake -- APPENDIX 3. PROBABILITIES OF EPISODIC VOLCANIC ERUPTIONSAND APPLICATION TO THE YOUNG INTRACALDERAVOLCANIC HISTORY OF YELLOWSTONE -- UNDERSTANDING VOLCANO HAZARDSAND PREVENTING VOLCANIC DISASTERS:A SCIENCE STRATEGY FOR THE VOLCANOHAZARDS PROGRAM 2004-2008 -- ABSTRACT -- THE 5-YEAR GOALS OF THE VHP FOR THE PERIOD FY2004-FY2008COMPRISE EIGHT PRIORITY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES -- INTRODUCTION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- AUTHORIZATIONS -- PART REVIEW AND OUTCOME MEASURES -- HISTORY OF THE VHP -- SCIENTIFIC ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND HIGHLIGHTS -- SCIENTIFIC DIRECTIONS, CHALLENGES AND PARTNERSHIPOPPORTUNITIES.

National Volcanic Early Warning -- Volcano Monitoring and Volcano Hazard Assessments in the Commonwealthof the Northern Mariana Islands -- Expansion of Alaska Volcano Monitoring and Studies of the Aleutian IslandArc -- Volcano Monitoring and Volcano Hazard Assessments in the Commonwealthof the Northern Mariana Islands -- Expansion of Alaska Volcano Monitoring and Studies of the Aleutian IslandArc -- KVERT and the Northern Pacific Arcs -- Advancing Volcanology through University Partnerships -- Center for the Study of Active Volcanoes -- Potential Science and Technology Centers -- Developing a Common Alert-Level System -- PROGRAM MISSION AND LONG-TERM ACTIVITIES -- Mission -- Long-Term Activities -- Monitor Volcano Unrest and Eruption -- Prepare and Keep Current Volcano Hazards Assessments (Long Term and DuringUnrest) -- Conduct Research (Topical Investigations of Volcanic Processes) -- Provide Reliable Warnings, Forecasts, and Other Information -- Five-Year Goals, 2005-2009 -- 1. COMPLETE NVEWS PLANNING AND INSTALL NEW, AND DEVELOPEXISTING, GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL MONITORINGNETWORKS ON DANGEROUS VOLCANOES COMMENSURATEWITH THE THREAT EACH POSES TO ENSURE RELIABLE,REAL-TIME INFORMATION ON CRITICAL PARAMETERSSUCH AS EARTHQUAKE ACTIVITY, GROUND DEFORMATION,AND EMISSION OF VOLCANIC GASES -- General Objectives -- Volcano-Specific Objectives -- 2. CONDUCT DETAILED GEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS OFVOLCANOES AND USE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)TECHNOLOGY TO ENHANCE HAZARDS ASSESSMENTS,HAZARD-ZONATION MAPPING, PROBABILISTIC ERUPTIONFORECASTING, AND GREATER UNDERSTANDING OFVOLCANOLOGIC, MAGMATIC, AND HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES -- 2.1. Prepare Geologic Maps, GIS, and Related Reports that Describe theEruptive History, Geologic Structure, and Geomorphic Evolution ofTargeted Volcanoes -- Objectives.

2.1.A. Begin New Multidisciplinary Studies at the Following Volcanoes -- 2.1.B. Complete Primary Field Phase of Mapping Studies at the FollowingVolcanoes -- 2.1.C. Complete Compilation of Geologic Maps (Not for All Volcanoes) and RelatedReports for the Following Volcanoes -- 2.2. Produce New and Updated Hazard Assessments and Hazard-ZonationMaps of U.S. Volcanoes and Volcanic Centers Needed for MitigationPlanning -- Objectives -- 3. CONDUCT EXPERIMENTS AND SYSTEMATIC STUDIES TOESTABLISH A SOUND THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL BASISFOR UNDERSTANDING VOLCANO PROCESSES AND RELATEDHYDROTHERMAL AND SURFACE FLOWAGE PROCESSES -- 3.1. Conduct Studies Focused on the Physical and Chemical Processes thatLead to Magma Ascent and Eruption to Optimize Volcano-MonitoringStrategies and Improve Hazards Assessments -- Objectives -- 3.2. Conduct Studies on the Properties of Mass Movements and OtherVolcano-Related Flows, Including Edifice Stability and Flow-InundationModels -- Objectives -- 3.3. Evaluate the Severity and Impact of Accelerated Sedimentation in RiversDisturbed by Volcanic Eruptions -- 4. USE SATELLITE INTERFEROMETRIC SYNTHETIC APERTURERADAR (INSAR) DATA TO SYSTEMATICALLY CHARACTERIZETHE DEFORMATION FIELD AT HAZARDOUS VOLCANOESAND VOLCANIC REGIONS -- Objectives -- 5. REDUCE VOLCANO RISK ABROAD THROUGH VDAP, ANINTERAGENCY PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN USGS AND USAIDOFFICE OF FOREIGN DISASTER ASSISTANCE, BY INFRASTRUCTUREDEVELOPMENT, TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, AND TRAINING INVOLCANO MONITORING, GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS,AND HAZARDS ASSESSMENT IN OTHER COUNTRIES -- Objectives -- 6. BUILD AND EXPAND DATABASES ON VOLCANISM IN THE U.S. ANDABROAD, SUITABLE FOR USE IN ASSESSING POTENTIAL VOLCANICACTIVITY AND THREAT -- Objectives -- 7. DELIVER EFFECTIVE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES ANDPROVIDE TIMELY ACCESS TO VHP INFORMATION.

7.1. Improve the Accessibility and Availability of Volcano Information to thePublic, Including Emergency Information, and to Other Federal, State, andLocal Agencies.