Location-Based Services and Geo-Information Engineering -- Contents -- Mastering GIS Series: Foreword -- Preface -- 1 The Context of Location-Based Services -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Information Society -- 1.3 The Digital City -- 1.4 The New Mobility -- 1.5 Outline of Following Chapters -- 2 Technological Convergence: Towards Location-Based Services -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Internet and World Wide Web -- 2.2.1 The Basics of the Internet -- 2.2.2 World Wide Web -- 2.3 New Information and Communication Technologies -- 2.3.1 Mobile Wireless Telecommunication Technologies -- 2.3.2 Other Wireless Networks -- 2.3.3 Wireless Mobile Devices -- 2.4 Geographical Information Systems -- 2.5 Convergence of Technologies -- 2.5.1 Convergence of Wireless Technologies -- 2.5.2 Wireless Mobile Internet -- 2.5.3 Internet GIS and Wireless GIS -- 2.5.4 Towards LBS -- 3 GIS and Geo-Information Engineering -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Where is . . . ? How Do I Get there? -- 3.3 Defining GIS -- 3.3.1 An Historical Perspective -- 3.3.2 On-Going Development Trends -- 3.4 Exploring GIS Software -- 3.4.1 Measurement and Scale -- 3.4.2 Map Projection -- 3.4.3 Symbology -- 3.4.4 Data Primitives and Data Layers -- 3.4.5 Feature Attributes -- 3.4.6 Creating Thematic Maps -- 3.4.7 Scaling the Applications -- 3.5 Issues of GIScience -- 3.6 GI Engineering: the Rise of Ubiquitous GIS? -- 4 Location-Based Services -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Are Location-Based Services New? -- 4.3 From Locating Services to Location-Based Services -- 4.3.1 Using the Web for Services -- 4.3.2 Using Navigation Systems for Services -- 4.3.3 Using Mobile Phones for Services -- 4.3.4 Location-Based Services -- 4.4 E911 and E112 Mandates -- 4.4.1 E911 -- 4.4.2 E112 -- 4.5 Keitai -- 4.6 LBS Architecture -- 4.7 Application Areas -- 4.8 Implications of LBS for GIScience.

5 Data for Location-Based Services -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Size and Granularity of the Problem -- 5.3 Data Collection Technologies -- 5.3.1 GPS and Inertial Navigation Systems -- 5.3.2 Remote Sensing -- 5.3.3 Ground Survey -- 5.3.4 Non-Traditional Approaches to Data Collection -- 5.3.5 Update Frequencies -- 5.4 Data Quality Issues -- 5.4.1 Understanding Error and Uncertainty -- 5.4.2 Assessing Data Accuracy -- 5.4.3 Metadata -- 5.5 Organizing and Accessing Data -- 6 Locating the User -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Positioning Technologies -- 6.3 Global Positioning System -- 6.3.1 Basic Principles of GPS -- 6.3.2 A More Detailed Look at GPS -- 6.3.3 Principle of Differential GPS -- 6.3.4 Indoor GPS -- 6.3.5 Other Satellite Systems -- 6.3.6 An Example of GPS Use -- 6.4 Network-Based Positioning Technologies -- 6.4.1 Network Cell Identification -- 6.4.2 Angle of Arrival -- 6.4.3 Time Delay Methods -- 6.4.4 Advanced Forward Link Trilateration and Enhanced Forward Link Trilateration -- 6.5 Short Range Positioning Technologies -- 6.5.1 WiFi-Based Positioning -- 6.5.2 Bluetooth Technology Used for Positioning -- 6.5.3 Radio Frequency Identification -- 6.5.4 Other Non-Radio Signal Technologies Used for Short Range Positioning -- 6.6 Hybrid Positioning Approaches -- 7 Context in Location-Based Services -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Context and Context-Awareness -- 7.3 Context in LBS -- 7.4 Environment as Context -- 7.5 Technology as Context -- 7.6 User as Context -- 7.7 Dynamics of Context -- 8 The Spatial Query -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Geometric Data -- 8.2.1 Vector -- 8.2.2 Raster -- 8.2.3 Object-Oriented -- 8.3 Topological Data -- 8.4 Attribute Data -- 8.5 Indexing Spatial Databases -- 8.6 Issues of Data Temporality -- 8.6.1 Space Versus Time Dominant Views -- 8.6.2 Space-Time Paths and Topology -- 8.6.3 Database Implications for LBS.

8.7 Spatial Queries -- 8.7.1 Relational Algebra -- 8.7.2 SQL and Extended SQL -- 8.7.3 Querying Graphs -- 8.7.4 Query Optimization -- 9 Communication in Location-Based Services -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Modes of Communication in LBS -- 9.3 Maps in LBS -- 9.3.1 Making Maps for Information Communication -- 9.3.2 Digital Maps Used On-Screen -- 9.3.3 Map Generalization -- 9.4 Issues Around Modes of Communication in LBS -- 9.5 Learning from Spatial Information -- 9.5.1 Acquiring Spatial Knowledge -- 9.5.2 A Study of User Preference for Different Modes of Communication -- 9.6 Multimodal and Context-Aware Modes of Communication -- 10 The Business of Location-Based Services -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Emerging Sectors -- 10.2.1 Internet-Based Business Models -- 10.2.2 Implications of Using Mobile Devices -- 10.2.3 Mobile Device-Based Business Models -- 10.2.4 Adoption and Hype Curves -- 10.3 Emerging Products -- 10.4 Standardization Issues -- 10.5 Legal Issues -- 10.5.1 Patents -- 10.5.2 Copyright -- 10.5.3 Liability -- 10.6 Social Issues -- 10.7 Conclusions -- Acronyms -- References -- Index.