CONTENTS -- PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION -- PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION -- 1 INTERPRETATION OF FLOW VISUALIZATION -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Critical Points in Flow Patterns -- 1.3 Relationship between Streamlines, Pathlines, and Streaklines -- 1.4 Sectional Streamlines -- 1.5 Bifurcation Lines -- 1.6 Interpretation of Unsteady Flow Patterns with the Aid of Streaklines and Streamlines -- 1. 7 Concluding Remarks -- 1.8 References -- 2 HYDROGEN BUBBLE VISUALIZATION -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Hydrogen Bubble Generation System -- 2.2.1 Safety -- 2.3 Bubble Probes -- 2.4 Lighting -- 2.5 Unique Applications -- 2.6 References -- 3 DYE AND SMOKE VISUALIZATION -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Flow Visualization in Water -- 3.2.1 Conventional dye -- 3.2.2 Laundry brightener -- 3.2.3 Milk -- 3.2.4 Fluorescent dye -- 3.2.5 Methods of dye injection -- 3.2.6 Rheoscopic fluid -- 3.2.7 Electrolytic precipitation -- 3.3 Flow Visualization in Air -- 3.3.1 Smoke tunnel -- 3.3.2 Smoke generator -- 3.3.3 Smoke-wire technique -- 3.3.4 Titanium tetrachloride -- 3.4 Photographic Equipment and Techniques -- 3.4.1 Lighting -- 3.4.2 Camera -- 3.4.3 Lens -- 3.4.4 Film -- 3.5 Cautionary Notes -- 3.6 References -- 4 MOLECULAR TAGGING VELOCIMETRY AND THERMOMETRY -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Properties of Photo-Sensitive Tracers -- 4.2.1 Photochromic dyes -- 4.2.2 Phosphorescent supramolecules -- 4.2.3 Caged dyes -- 4.3 Examples of Molecular Tagging Measurements -- 4.3.1 Phosphorescent supramolecules -- 4.3.2 Caged dye tracers -- 4.4 Image Processing and Experimental Accuracy -- 4.4.1 Line processing techniques -- 4.4.2 Grid processing techniques -- 4.4.3 Ray tracing -- 4.4.4 Molecular tagging thermometry -- 4.5 References -- 5 PLANAR IMAGING OF GAS PHASE FLOWS -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence -- 5.2.1 Velocity tracking by laser-induced fluorescence.

5.3 Rayleigh Imaging from Molecules and Particles -- 5.4 Filtered Rayleigh Scattering -- 5.5 Planar Doppler Velocimetry -- 5.6 Summary -- 5.7 References -- 6 DIGITAL PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY -- 6.1 Quantitative Flow Visualization -- 6.2 DPIV Experimental Setup -- 6.3 Particle Image Velocimetry: A Visual Presentation -- 6.4 Image Correlation -- 6.4.1 Peak finding -- 6.4.2 Computational implementation in frequency space -- 6.5 Video Imaging -- 6.6 Post Processing -- 6.6.1 Outlier removal -- 6.6.2 Differentiable flow properties -- 6.6.3 Integrable flow properties -- 6.7 Sources of Error -- 6.7.1 Uncertainty due to particle image density -- 6.7.2 Uncertainty due to velocity gradients within the interrogation windows -- 6.7.3 Uncertainty due to different particle size imaging -- 6.7.4 Effects of using different sizes of interrogation windows. -- 6.7.5 Mean-bias error removal -- 6.8 DPIV Applications -- 6.8.1 Investigation of vortex ring formation -- 6.8.2 A novel application for force prediction DPIV -- 6.8.3 DPIV and a CFD counterpart: Common ground -- 6.9 Conclusion -- 6.10 References -- 7 SURFACE TEMPERATURE SENSING WITH THERMOCHROMIC LIQUID CRYSTALS -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Properties of liquid crystals -- 7.1.2 Thmperature calibration techniques -- 7.1.3 Convective heat transfer coefficient measurement techniques -- 7.2 Implementation -- 7.2.1 Sensing sheet preparation -- 7.2.2 Test surface illumination -- 7.2.3 Image capture and reduction -- 7.2.4 Calibration and measurement uncertainty -- 7.3 Examples -- 7.3.1 Thrbine cascade -- 7.3.2 Thrbulent spot and boundary layer -- 7.3.3 Thrbulent juncture flow -- 7.3.4 Particle image thermography -- 7.4 References -- 8 PRESSURE AND SHEAR SENSITIVE COATINGS -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Pressure-Sensitive Paint -- 8.2.1 Obtaining and applying pressure-sensitive paint -- 8.2.2 Lamps -- 8.2.3 Cameras.

8.2.4 Data reduction -- 8.3 Shear-Sensitive Liquid Crystal Coating Method -- 8.3.1 Color-change responses to shear -- 8.3.2 Coating application -- 8.3.3 Lighting and imaging -- 8.3.4 Data acquisition and analysis -- 8.3.5 Example: Visualization of transition and separation -- 8.3.6 Example: Application of shear vector method -- 8.4 Fringe Imaging Skin Friction Interferometry -- 8.4.1 Physical principles -- 8.4.2 Surface preparation -- 8.4.3 Lighting -- 8.4.4 Imaging -- 8.4.5 Calibration -- 8.4.6 Data reduction -- 8.4. 7 Uncertainty -- 8.4.8 Examples -- 8.5 References -- 9 METHODS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Basic Optical Concepts -- 9.3 Index of Refraction for a Gas -- 9.4 Light Ray Deflection and Retardation in a Refractive Field -- 9.5 Shadowgraph -- 9.6 Schlieren Method -- 9.7 Interferometry -- 9.8 Interference -- 9.9 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer -- 9.10 Holography -- 9.11 Holographic Interferometry -- 9.12 Applications -- 9.13 Summary -- 9.14 References -- 10 THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Three-Dimensional Imaging Techniques -- 10.3 Image Data Types -- 10.4 Laser Scanner Designs -- 10.5 Discrete Laser Sheet Systems -- 10.6 Double Scan Laser Sweep Systems -- 10.7 Single Scan Laser Sweep Systems (Discrete) -- 10.8 Drum Scanners -- 10.9 Multiple Fixed Laser Sheets -- 10.10 Moving Laser Sheet Systems -- 10.11 Imaging Issues and Trade-Offs -- 10.11.1 Position accuracy of laser sheets -- 10.11.2 Illumination issues -- 10.11.3 Sweeps versus sheets for CW lasers -- 10.11.4 Optical components -- 10.11.5 Methods of control -- 10.11.6 Operational considerations -- 10.11.7 Imaging devices -- 10.12 Detailed Example -- 10.12.1 Control system design -- 10.13 Analysis and Display of Data -- 10.13.1 Processing and analysis of data -- 10.13.2 Methods of presentation and display -- 10.14 Concluding remarks.

10.15 References -- 11 QUANTITATIVE FLOW VISUALIZATION VIA FULLY RESOLVED FOUR-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Technical Considerations -- 11.2.1 Laser induced fluorescence -- 11.2.2 Beam scanning electronics -- 11.2.3 Data acquisition system -- 11.2.4 Signal levels -- 11.2.5 Signal-to-noise ratio -- 11.2.6 Spatial and temporal resolution -- 11.2.7 Data processing -- 11.3 Sample Applications -- 11.3.1 Fine structure of turbulent scalar fields -- 11.3.2 Assessment of Taylor's hypothesis -- 11.3.3 Scalar imaging velocimetry -- 11.3.4 Fractal scaling of turbulent scalar fields -- 11.4 Further Information -- 11.5 References -- 12 VISUALIZATION, FEATURE EXTRACTION, AND QUANTIFICATION OF NUMERICAL VISUALIZATIONS OF HIGH-GRADIENT COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Fundamental configuration -- 12.2 Visualization Techniques -- 12.2.1 Numerical analog of experimental techniques -- 12.2.2 Smoothing and noise suppression -- 12.2.3 Selection of variables for visualization -- 12.3 Quantification of Shocks and Contacts -- 12.3.1 One-dimensional example -- 12.3.2 Algorithm -- 12.3.3 Two-dimensional example -- 12.3.4 Contact tracking and convergence of simulations -- 12.3.5 Quantification of local shock properties -- 12.4 Conclusion -- 12.5 Appendix A: Pseudo-code to Extract the Discontinuity Curves -- 12.6 References -- COLOR PLATES AND FLOW GALLERY -- References -- INDEX.