Front Cover -- Ludwig's Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface to the Fourth Edition -- Preface to the Third Edition -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Biography -- Disclaimer -- Using the Software and Excel Spreadsheet Programs -- CHAPTER 0 RULES OF THUMB: SUMMARY -- COMPRESSORS, FANS, BLOWERS AND VACUUM PUMPS -- CONVEYORS FOR PARTICULATE SOLIDS -- COOLING TOWERS -- CRYSTALLIZATION FROM SOLUTION -- DISINTEGRATION -- TOWERS -- TRAY TOWERS -- PACKED TOWERS -- DRIVERS AND POWER RECOVERY EQUIPMENT -- DRYING OF SOLIDS -- EVAPORATORS -- EXTRACTION, LIQUID-LIQUID -- FILTRATION -- FLUIDIZATION OF PARTICLES WITH GASES -- HEAT EXCHANGERS -- INSULATION -- MIXING AND AGITATION -- PARTICLE SIZE ENLARGEMENT -- PIPING -- PUMPS -- REACTORS -- REFRIGERATION -- SIZE SEPARATION OF PARTICLES -- UTILITIES, COMMON SPECIFICATIONS -- VESSELS (DRUMS) -- VESSEL (PRESSURE) -- VESSELS (STORAGE TANKS) -- CHAPTER 1 PROCESS PLANNING, SCHEDULING, AND FLOWSHEET DESIGN -- 1.1 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE -- 1.2 PROCESS DESIGN SCOPE -- 1.3 ROLE OF THE PROCESS DESIGN ENGINEER -- 1.4 COMPUTER-AIDED FLOWSHEETING -- 1.5 THE SEQUENTIAL MODULAR SIMULATION -- 1.6 THE EQUATION MODULAR APPROACH -- 1.7 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM MODELING -- 1.8 ISOBUTANE CHEMICALS (iC4H10) -- 1.9 FLOWSHEETS - TYPES -- 1.10 FLOWSHEET PRESENTATION -- 1.11 GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS GUIDE -- 1.12 COMPUTER-AIDED FLOWSHEET DESIGN/DRAFTING -- 1.13 OPERATOR TRAINING SIMULATOR SYSTEM -- 1.14 FLOWSHEET SYMBOLS -- 1.15 WORKING SCHEDULES -- 1.16 INFORMATION CHECKLISTS -- 1.17 SYSTEM OF UNITS -- 1.18 SYSTEM DESIGN PRESSURES -- 1.19 TIME PLANNING AND SCHEDULING -- 1.20 PLANT LAYOUT -- 1.21 RULES OF THUMB ESTIMATING -- NOMENCLATURE -- ABBREVIATION -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- CHAPTER 2 COST ESTIMATION AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION.

2.2 CAPITAL COST ESTIMATION -- 2.3 EQUIPMENT COST ESTIMATIONS BY CAPACITY RATIO EXPONENTS -- 2.4 YEARLY COST INDICES -- 2.5 FACTORED COST ESTIMATE -- 2.6 DETAILED FACTORIAL COST ESTIMATES -- 2.7 BARE MODULE COST FOR EQUIPMENT -- 2.8 SUMMARY OF THE FACTORIAL METHOD -- 2.9 COMPUTER COST ESTIMATING -- 2.10 PROJECT EVALUATION -- NOMENCLATURE -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- WEBSITES -- CHAPTER 3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES -- 3.1 DENSITY OF LIQUIDS -- 3.2 VISCOSITY OF GAS -- 3.3 VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS -- 3.4 HEAT CAPACITY OF GAS -- 3.5 HEAT CAPACITY OF LIQUID -- 3.6 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GAS -- 3.7 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS -- 3.8 SURFACE TENSION -- 3.9 VAPOR PRESSURE -- 3.10 ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION -- 3.11 ENTHALPY OF FORMATION -- 3.12 GIBBS ENERGY OF FORMATION -- 3.13 SOLUBILITY IN WATER CONTAINING SALT -- 3.14 SOLUBILITY IN WATER AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE -- 3.15 HENRY'S LAW CONSTANT FOR GASES IN WATER -- 3.16 SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN WATER -- 3.17 SOLUBILITY AND HENRY'S LAW CONSTANT FOR SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN WATER -- 3.18 SOLUBILITY OF NAPHTHENES IN WATER -- 3.19 SOLUBILITY AND HENRY'S LAW CONSTANT FOR NITROGEN COMPOUNDS IN WATER -- 3.20 COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION OF LIQUID -- 3.21 VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION RATE -- 3.22 ADSORPTION ON ACTIVATED CARBON -- 3.23 DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS (DIFFUSIVITIES) -- 3.24 COMPRESSIBILITY Z-FACTOR OF NATURAL GASES -- 3.25 GENERALIZED COMPRESSIBILITY Z-FACTOR -- 3.26 GAS MIXTURES -- NOMENCLATURE -- GREEK LETTERS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- CHAPTER 4 FLUID FLOW -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 FLOW OF FLUIDS IN PIPES -- 4.3 SCOPE -- 4.4 BASIS -- 4.5 INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW -- 4.6 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW: VAPORS AND GASES [4] -- 4.7 IMPORTANT PRESSURE LEVEL REFERENCES -- 4.8 FACTORS OF "SAFETY" FOR DESIGN BASIS -- 4.9 PIPE, FITTINGS, AND VALVES -- 4.10 PIPE.

4.11 USUAL INDUSTRY PIPE SIZES AND CLASSES PRACTICE -- 4.12 BACKGROUND INFORMATION (ALSO SEE CHAPTER 5) -- 4.13 REYNOLDS NUMBER, Re (SOMETIMES USED NRe) -- 4.14 PIPE RELATIVE ROUGHNESS -- 4.15 DARCY FRICTION FACTOR, F -- 4.16 FRICTION HEAD LOSS (RESISTANCE) IN PIPE, FITTINGS, AND CONNECTIONS -- 4.17 PRESSURE DROP IN FITTINGS, VALVES, AND CONNECTIONS -- 4.18 VELOCITY AND VELOCITY HEAD -- 4.19 EQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF FITTINGS -- 4.20 L/D VALUES IN LAMINAR REGION -- 4.21 VALIDITY OF K VALUES -- 4.22 LAMINAR FLOW -- 4.23 LOSS COEFFICIENT -- 4.24 SUDDEN ENLARGEMENT OR CONTRACTION [2] -- 4.25 PIPING SYSTEMS -- 4.26 RESISTANCE OF VALVES -- 4.27 FLOW COEFFICIENTS FOR VALVES, Cv -- 4.28 NOZZLES AND ORIFICES [4] -- 4.29 ALTERNATE CALCULATION BASIS FOR PIPING SYSTEMS FRICTION HEAD LOSS: LIQUIDS -- 4.30 EQUIVALENT LENGTH CONCEPT FOR VALVES, FITTINGS AND SO ON -- 4.31 FRICTION PRESSURE DROP FOR NON-VISCOUS LIQUIDS -- 4.32 ESTIMATION OF PRESSURE LOSS ACROSS CONTROL VALVES -- 4.33 THE DIRECT DESIGN OF A CONTROL VALVE -- 4.34 FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER FLOW -- 4.35 FLOW OF WATER FROM OPEN-END HORIZONTAL PIPE -- 4.36 WATER HAMMER [23] -- 4.37 FRICTION PRESSURE DROP FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW -- 4.38 COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW IN PIPES -- 4.39 MAXIMUM FLOW AND PRESSURE DROP -- 4.40 SONIC CONDITIONS LIMITING FLOW OF GASES AND VAPORS -- 4.41 THE MACH NUMBER, MA -- 4.42 MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF COMPRESSIBLE ISOTHERMAL FLOW -- 4.43 FLOW RATE THROUGH PIPELINE -- 4.44 PIPELINE PRESSURE DROP (DELTA P) -- 4.45 CRITICAL PRESSURE RATIO -- 4.46 ADIABATIC FLOW -- 4.47 THE EXPANSION FACTOR, Y -- 4.48 MISLEADING RULES OF THUMB FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW -- 4.49 OTHER SIMPLIFIED COMPRESSIBLE FLOW METHODS -- 4.50 FRICTION DROP FOR FLOW OF VAPORS, GASES, AND STEAM -- 4.51 DARCY RATIONAL RELATION FOR COMPRESSIBLE VAPORS AND GASES -- 4.52 VELOCITY OF COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS IN PIPE.

4.53 ALTERNATE SOLUTION TO COMPRESSIBLE FLOW PROBLEMS -- 4.54 PROCEDURE -- 4.55 FRICTION DROP FOR COMPRESSIBLE NATURAL GAS IN LONG PIPE LINES -- 4.56 PANHANDLE-A GAS FLOW FORMULA [4] -- 4.57 MODIFIED PANHANDLE FLOW FORMULA [26] -- 4.58 AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION (AGA) DRY GAS METHOD -- 4.59 COMPLEX PIPE SYSTEMS HANDLING NATURAL (OR SIMILAR) GAS -- 4.60 TWO-PHASE LIQUID AND GAS FLOW IN PROCESS PIPING -- 4.61 FLOW PATTERNS -- 4.62 FLOW REGIMES -- 4.63 PRESSURE DROP -- 4.64 EROSION-CORROSION -- 4.65 TOTAL SYSTEM PRESSURE DROP -- 4.66 PIPE SIZING RULES -- 4.67 A SOLUTION FOR ALL TWO-PHASE PROBLEMS -- 4.68 GAS-LIQUID TWO-PHASE VERTICAL DOWNFLOW -- 4.69 PRESSURE DROP IN VACUUM SYSTEMS -- 4.70 LOW ABSOLUTE PRESSURE SYSTEMS FOR AIR [62] -- 4.71 VACUUM FOR OTHER GASES AND VAPORS -- 4.72 PIPE SIZING FOR NON-NEWTONIAN FLOW -- 4.73 SLURRY FLOW IN PROCESS PLANT PIPING -- 4.74 PRESSURE DROP FOR FLASHING LIQUIDS -- 4.75 SIZING CONDENSATE RETURN LINES -- 4.76 DESIGN PROCEDURE USING SARCO CHART [74] -- 4.77 FLOW THROUGH PACKED BEDS -- NOMENCLATURE -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- SOFTWARE FOR CALCULATING PRESSURE DROP -- CHAPTER 5 PUMPING OF LIQUIDS -- 5.1 PUMP DESIGN STANDARDIZATION -- 5.2 BASIC PARTS OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP -- 5.3 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP SELECTION -- 5.4 HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS -- 5.5 SUCTION HEAD OR SUCTION LIFT, hs -- 5.6 DISCHARGE HEAD, hd -- 5.7 VELOCITY HEAD -- 5.8 FRICTION -- 5.9 NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH) AND PUMP SUCTION -- 5.10 SPECIFIC SPEED -- 5.11 ROTATIVE SPEED -- 5.12 PUMPING SYSTEMS AND PERFORMANCE -- 5.13 POWER REQUIREMENTS FOR PUMPING THROUGH PROCESS LINES -- 5.14 AFFINITY LAWS -- 5.15 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP EFFICIENCY -- 5.16 EFFECTS OF VISCOSITY -- 5.17 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP SPECIFICATIONS -- 5.18 ROTARY PUMPS -- 5.19 RECIPROCATING PUMPS -- 5.20 SELECTION RULES-OF-THUMB -- NOMENCLATURE -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING.

CHAPTER 6 MECHANICAL SEPARATIONS -- 6.1 PARTICLE SIZE -- 6.2 PRELIMINARY SEPARATOR SELECTION -- 6.3 GUIDE TO DUST SEPARATOR APPLICATIONS -- 6.4 GUIDE TO LIQUID-SOLID PARTICLE SEPARATORS -- 6.5 GRAVITY SETTLERS -- 6.6 TERMINAL VELOCITY -- 6.7 ALTERNATE TERMINAL VELOCITY CALCULATION -- 6.8 AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE'S OIL FIELD SEPARATORS -- 6.9 MODIFIED METHOD OF HAPPEL AND JORDAN [22] -- 6.10 DECANTER [25] -- 6.11 IMPINGEMENT SEPARATORS -- 6.12 CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS -- NOMENCLATURE -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- CHAPTER 7 MIXING OF LIQUIDS -- 7.1 MECHANICAL COMPONENTS -- 7.2 IMPELLERS -- 7.3 EQUIPMENT FOR AGITATION -- 7.4 FLOW PATTERNS -- 7.5 FLOW VISUALIZATION -- 7.6 MIXING CONCEPTS, THEORY, FUNDAMENTALS -- 7.7 FLOW -- 7.8 POWER -- 7.9 SCALE OF AGITATION, SA -- 7.10 MIXING TIME CORRELATION -- 7.11 SHAFT -- 7.12 DRIVE AND GEARS -- 7.13 STEADY BEARINGS -- 7.14 DRAFT TUBES -- 7.15 ENTRAINMENT -- 7.16 BATCH OR CONTINUOUS MIXING -- 7.17 BAFFLES -- 7.18 BLENDING -- 7.19 EMULSIONS -- 7.20 EXTRACTION -- 7.21 GAS-LIQUID CONTACTING -- 7.22 GAS-LIQUID MIXING OR DISPERSION -- 7.23 HEAT TRANSFER: COILS IN TANK, LIQUID AGITATED -- 7.24 EFFECTS OF VISCOSITY ON PROCESS FLUID HEAT TRANSFER FILM COEFFICIENT -- 7.25 HEAT TRANSFER AREA -- 7.26 IN-LINE, STATIC, OR MOTIONLESS MIXING -- NOMENCLATURE -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- WEBSITES -- CHAPTER 8 EJECTORS AND MECHANICAL VACUUM SYSTEMS -- 8.1 EJECTORS -- 8.2 VACUUM SAFETY -- 8.3 TYPICAL RANGE PERFORMANCE OF VACUUM PRODUCERS -- 8.4 FEATURES -- 8.5 TYPES -- 8.6 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION -- 8.7 VACUUM RANGE GUIDE -- 8.8 PRESSURE TERMINOLOGY -- 8.9 PRESSURE DROP AT LOW ABSOLUTE PRESSURES -- 8.10 PERFORMANCE FACTORS -- 8.11 TYPES OF LOADS -- 8.12 LOAD VARIATION -- 8.13 STEAM AND WATER REQUIREMENTS -- 8.14 EJECTOR SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS -- 8.15 EJECTOR SELECTION PROCEDURE -- 8.16 WATER JET EJECTORS.

8.17 STEAM JET THERMOCOMPRESSORS.