Cover -- Philosophy of Language -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Meaning and Reference -- Overview -- Meaning and Understanding -- The Referential Theory -- Summary -- Questions -- Notes -- Further Reading -- Part I: Reference and Referring -- Chapter 2: Definite Descriptions -- Overview -- Singular Terms -- Russell's Theory of Descriptions -- Objections to Russell's Theory -- Donnellan's Distinction -- Anaphora -- Summary -- Questions -- Notes -- Further Reading -- Chapter 3: Proper Names: The Description Theory -- Overview -- Russell's Name Claim -- Opening Objections -- Searle's "Cluster Theory" -- Kripke's Critique -- Summary -- Questions -- Notes -- Further Reading -- Chapter 4: Proper Names: Direct Reference and the Causal-Historical Theory -- Overview -- Possible Worlds -- Rigidity and Proper Names -- Direct Reference -- The Causal-Historical Theory -- Problems for the Causal-Historical Theory -- Natural-kind Terms and "Twin Earth" -- Summary -- Questions -- Notes -- Further Reading -- Part II: Theories of Meaning -- Chapter 5: Traditional Theories of Meaning -- Overview -- Ideational Theories -- The Proposition Theory -- Summary -- Questions -- Notes -- Further Reading -- Chapter 6: "Use" Theories -- Overview -- "Use" in a Roughly Wittgensteinian Sense -- Objections and Some Replies -- Summary -- Questions -- Notes -- Further Reading -- Chapter 7: Psychological Theories: Grice's Program -- Overview -- Grice's Basic Idea -- Speaker-Meaning -- Sentence Meaning -- Summary -- Questions -- Notes -- Further Reading -- Chapter 8: Verificationism -- Overview -- The Theory and Its Motivation -- Some Objections -- The Big One -- Two Quinean Issues -- Summary -- Questions -- Notes -- Further Reading -- Chapter 9: Truth-Condition Theories: Davidson's Program.

Overview -- Truth Conditions -- Truth-Defining Natural Languages -- Initial Objections -- Summary -- Questions -- Notes -- Further Reading -- Chapter 10: Truth-Condition Theories: Possible Worlds and Intensional Semantics -- Overview -- Truth Conditions Reconceived -- Advantages over Davidson's View -- Remaining Objections -- Summary -- Questions -- Notes -- Further Reading -- Part III: Pragmatics and Speech Acts -- Chapter 11: Semantic Pragmatics -- Overview -- Semantic vs. Pragmatic Pragmatics -- The Problem of Deixis -- The Work of Semantic Pragmatics -- Summary -- Questions -- Notes -- Further Reading -- Chapter 12: Speech Acts and Illocutionary Force -- Overview -- Performatives -- Rules and Infelicities -- Force, Content, and Perlocution -- Cohen's Problem -- Summary -- Questions -- Notes -- Further Reading -- Chapter 13: Implicative Relations -- Overview -- Conveyed Meanings and Invited Inferences -- Conversational Implicature -- "Presupposition" and Conventional Implicature -- Indirect Force -- Summary -- Questions -- Notes -- Further Reading -- Part IV: The Dark Side -- Chapter 14: Metaphor -- Overview -- A Philosophical Bias -- The Issues, and Two Simple Theories -- The Figurative Simile Theory -- The Pragmatic Theory -- Metaphor as Analogical -- Summary -- Questions -- Notes -- Further Reading -- Glossary -- Bibliography -- Index.