Principles of Biomedical Engineering -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Overview -- 1.2 Roles of Bioengineers -- 1.3 History of Bioengineering -- 1.3.1 Development of Biomedical Imaging -- 1.3.2 Development of Dialysis -- 1.3.3 Development of the Heart-Lung Machine -- 1.3.4 Other Devices -- 1.4 Literature Sources -- Problems -- Selected Bibliography -- Chapter 2 Biotransport -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 Fundamental Factors -- 2.2.1 Fluid Compartments -- 2.2.2 Concentration -- 2.2.3 Pressure -- 2.2.4 Body pH -- 2.3 Diffusion -- 2.3.1 Free Diffusion -- 2.3.2 Facilitated Diffusion -- 2.3.3 Active Transport -- 2.4 Osmosis -- 2.4.1 Osmolarity -- 2.4.2 Tonicity -- 2.4.3 Osmotic Pressure -- 2.4.4 Osmometers -- 2.5 Transport Across Membranes -- 2.6 Transport of Macromolecules -- Problems -- References -- Selected Bibliography -- Chapter 3 Bioelectrical Phenomena -- 3.1 Overview -- 3.2 Membrane Potential -- 3.2.1 Nernst Equation -- 3.2.2 Donnan Equilibrium -- 3.2.3 Goldman Equation -- 3.3 Electrical Equivalent Circuit -- 3.3.1 Cell Membrane Conductance -- 3.3.2 Cell Membrane as a Capacitor -- 3.3.3 Resistance-Capacitance Circuit -- 3.3.4 Action Potential -- 3.3.5 Intracellular Recording of Bioelectricity -- 3.4 Volume Conductors -- 3.4.1 Electric Field -- 3.4.2 Electrical Potential Energy -- 3.4.3 Conservation of Charge -- 3.4.4 Measuring the Electrical Activity of Tissues: Example of the Electrocardiogram -- 3.4.5 Biopotential Recording Practicalities -- Problems -- Selected Bibliography -- Chapter 4 Biofluid Flow -- 4.1 Overview -- 4.2 Fluid Flow Characteristics -- 4.2.1 Conservation of Mass -- 4.2.2 Inertial and Viscous Forces -- 4.2.3 Conservation of Momentum -- 4.3 Nonidealities in Biological Systems -- 4.3.1 Oscillatory and Pulsating Flows -- 4.3.2 Alterations in Viscosity -- 4.3.3 Infl uence Fluid Flow on Blood.

4.4 Conservation of Energy -- 4.4.1 Different Energy Forms -- 4.4.2 Energy Balance in the Body -- 4.4.3 Energy Expenditure Calculations -- 4.5 Fluid Power -- 4.5.1 Power Calculations in a Cardiac Cycle -- 4.5.2 Efficiency of a Pump -- 4.5.3 Pumps in Series and Parallel -- 4.6 Optimization Principle for Fluid Transport -- 4.6.1 Minimum Work of Circulation -- Problems -- References -- Selected Bibliography -- Chapter 5 Biomechanics -- 5.1 Overview -- 5.2 Equations of Motion -- 5.2.1 Center of Mass -- 5.2.2 Newton's Laws of Motion -- 5.2.3 Leverage -- 5.2.4 Impulse-Momentum Relation -- 5.2.5 Gait Analysis (Motion Analysis) -- 5.3 Ideal Stress-Strain Characteristics -- 5.3.1 Structural Parameters and Material Parameters -- 5.3.2 Axial Stress and Strain -- 5.3.3 Shear Stress -- 5.3.4 Bending -- 5.3.5 Torsion -- 5.4 Nonidealities in Stress-Strain Characterization -- 5.4.1 Failure Under Combined Loading -- 5.4.2 Viscoelastic Characteristics -- 5.4.3 Dynamic Loading -- 5.5 Energy Conservation -- 5.5.1 Conservation of Energy -- 5.5.2 Energy Absorption -- Problems -- References -- Selected Bibliography -- Chapter 6 Biomaterials -- 6.1 Overview -- 6.2 Types of Biomaterials -- 6.2.1 Metals and Alloys -- 6.2.2 Ceramics -- 6.2.3 Polymers -- 6.2.4 Biological Materials -- 6.2.5 Composites -- 6.3 Material Characteristics -- 6.3.1 Mechanical Performance -- 6.3.2 Mechanical Durability -- 6.3.3 Corrosion and Degradation -- 6.3.4 Surface Roughness -- 6.3.5 Sterilization Techniques -- 6.4 Physiological Responses to Biomaterials -- 6.4.1 Toxicity Analysis -- 6.4.2 Surface Adhesion -- 6.4.3 Blood-Material Interactions -- 6.4.4 Inflammatory Response -- 6.4.5 Infection -- 6.5 Tissue Engineering -- 6.5.1 Material Selection -- 6.5.2 Scaffold Formation Techniques -- Problems -- References -- Selected Bibliography -- Chapter 7 Cellular Engineering -- 7.1 Overview.

7.2 Cellular Interactions -- 7.2.1 Cell Culture Microenvironment -- 7.2.2 Cell-Soluble Factor Interactions -- 7.2.3 Cell-Matrix Interactions -- 7.2.4 Cell-Cell Interactions -- 7.3 Cellular Processes -- 7.3.1 Migration -- 7.3.2 Proliferation and Differentiation -- 7.3.3 Metabolism -- 7.3.4 Intracellular Degradation -- 7.4 Bioreactors -- 7.4.1 Different Shapes of Bioreactors -- 7.4.2 Different Modes of Operation -- 7.4.3 Downstream Processing -- 7.5 Preservation of Cells and Tissues -- 7.5.1 Long-Term Storage of Cells -- 7.5.2 Storage of Tissues -- Problems -- References -- Selected Bibliography -- Chapter 8 Biomedical Imaging -- 8.1 Overview -- 8.2 Properties of Light -- 8.2.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum -- 8.2.2 Energy in an EM Wave -- 8.2.3 Generation of EM Radiation -- 8.3 Interaction of Radiation with Matter -- 8.3.1 Absorption of EM Waves -- 8.3.2 Scattering of EM Waves -- 8.3.3 Transmission Imaging -- 8.4 Basics of Imaging -- 8.4.1 Image Acquisition -- 8.4.2 Digitizing Images -- 8.4.3 3D Image Reconstruction -- 8.4.4 Image Quality -- 8.5 Imaging Devices -- 8.5.1 X-Ray Imaging -- 8.5.2 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) -- 8.5.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -- 8.5.4 Ultrasound Imaging -- 8.5.5 Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) -- 8.5.6 Endoscopes -- 8.5.7 Fluorescence Imaging -- Problems -- References -- Selected Bibliography -- Chapter 9 Biosensors -- 9.1 Overview -- 9.2 Bioelectrodes -- 9.2.1 Electrode-Electrolyte Interface -- 9.2.2 Polarization -- 9.2.3 Potential Monitoring Electrodes -- 9.3 Biosensing Elements -- 9.3.1 Enzyme-Based Biosensors -- 9.3.2 Antibody-Based Biosensors -- 9.3.3 Nucleic Acid-Based Biosensors -- 9.3.4 Cell-Based Biosensors -- 9.4 Transducing Elements -- 9.4.1 Electrochemical Biosensors -- 9.4.2 Optical Transducers -- 9.4.3 Acoustic Transducers -- 9.4.4 Other Transducers -- 9.5 Manufacturing Technology.

9.5.1 Performance Parameters -- 9.5.2 Immobilization Strategies -- 9.5.3 Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) -- 9.5.4 Microarray Technology -- 9.6 Bioinformatics -- Problems -- References -- Selected Bibliography -- Chapter 10 Physiological Modeling -- 10.1 Overview -- 10.2 Compartmental Modeling -- 10.2.1 Chemical Compartmental Model -- 10.2.2 Single Electrical Compartmental Model -- 10.2.3 Other Single Compartmental Systems -- 10.2.4 Multicompartmental Models -- 10.3 Special Cases of Compartmental Modeling -- 10.3.1 Modeling Dialysis -- 10.3.2 Cable Theory -- 10.4 Modeling Diffusion-Limited Processes -- 10.4.1 Case 1: Reaction-Diffusion in Cartesian Coordinates -- 10.4.2 Case 2: The Krogh Tissue Cylinder -- 10.4.3 Case 3: One-Dimensional Radial Diffusion in Spherical Coordinates -- 10.4.4 Complex Model Systems -- Problems -- References -- Selected Bibliography -- Chapter 11 Ethical, Legal, and Societal Aspects -- 11.1 Overview -- 11.2 Fundamentals of Bioethics -- 11.2.1 Classical Ethical Theories -- 11.2.2 Difference Between Ethics and Law -- 11.2.3 Infl uence of Religion and Culture -- 11.3 Research Involving Human Participants -- 11.3.1 The Declaration of Helsinki -- 11.3.2 Belmont Report -- 11.3.3 Institutional Review Board (IRB) -- 11.3.4 Informed Consent -- 11.4 Standards -- 11.4.1 Standards and Guidelines -- 11.4.2 International Electromedical Commission (IEC) -- 11.4.3 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) -- 11.5 Regulatory Agencies -- 11.5.1 The Food and Drug Administration -- 11.5.2 Device Classifi cation -- 11.5.3 Compliance Requirements -- Problems -- References -- Selected Bibliography -- About the Author -- Index.