Central European Stream Ecosystems: The Long Term Study of the Breitenbach -- Foreword -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- 1: Introduction -- 1.1 History of the Limnologische Flussstation Schlitz -- 2: The Breitenbach and Its Catchment -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 The Stream and the Catchment -- 2.3 Sampling Sites -- 3: Environmental Characteristics -- 3.1 Climate and Weather -- 3.1.1 Global Irradiance -- 3.1.1.1 Local Effects of Irradiance in the Catchment -- 3.1.2 Precipitation -- 3.1.3 Wind -- 3.1.4 Air Temperature -- 3.1.5 Discharge -- 3.1.5.1 Base Flow and Base Flow Index (BFI) -- 3.1.5.2 Falling Limb -- 3.1.5.3 Rising Limb -- 3.1.5.4 Flow Duration Curve -- 3.1.5.5 High Water -- 3.1.5.6 Bank-Full -- 3.1.5.7 Water Saturation of the Valley -- 3.1.5.8 Input Average -- 3.1.5.9 Low Water -- 3.2 Attempt to Define Substratum Dynamics -- 3.2.1 Cross-Section Measurements -- 3.2.2 Wet Stream Area -- 3.2.3 Water Temperature -- 3.2.3.1 Water Temperature in the Sediment -- 3.2.3.2 Water Temperature in the Stream -- 3.3 Chemistry -- 3.3.1 Buffering Capacity (ABC - Acid Binding Capacity) -- 3.3.2 pH -- 3.3.3 Oxygen -- 3.3.4 Soluble Inorganic Elements -- 3.3.4.1 Methods -- 3.3.4.2 Nitrogen -- 3.3.4.3 Phosphate -- 3.3.4.4 Silicate -- 3.3.4.5 Sulfate -- 3.3.4.6 Chloride -- 4: Detrital Energy Sources -- 4.1 Organic Matter in Streams -- 4.2 Particulate Organic Matter -- 4.2.1 Particulate Organic Matter in Streams -- 4.2.2 POM Inputs to the Breitenbach -- 4.2.2.1 Measuring Periods and Methods -- 4.2.2.2 Seasonal Distribution of CPOM Inputs -- 4.2.2.3 Amounts of CPOM Inputs in Various Years and Stream Sections -- 4.2.2.4 Composition of CPOM Inputs -- 4.2.2.5 Total Inputs of POM -- 4.2.3 Standing Stocks of POM in the Breitenbach -- 4.2.4 Outputs of POM from the Breitenbach -- 4.3 Dissolved Organic Matter.

4.3.1 Dissolved Organic Matter in Streams -- 4.3.2 Concentrations and Dynamics of Dissolved Organic Matter in the Breitenbach -- 4.3.3 Inputs and Outputs of Dissolved Organic Matter to and from the Breitenbach -- 4.3.4 Composition of Dissolved Organic Matter in the Breitenbach: Carbohydrates -- 5: Primary Producers -- 5.1 Primary Producers in Streams -- 5.2 The Communities -- 5.2.1 Algae -- 5.2.1.1 Algal Assemblages in Streams -- 5.2.1.2 Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Diatom Occurrences in the Breitenbach -- 5.2.1.3 Variation in Algal Biomass -- 5.2.1.4 Effects of Discharge on Benthic Diatom Assemblages -- 5.2.1.5 Microhabitats -- 5.2.1.6 Species Occurrences and Ecological Inferences -- 5.2.1.7 Impact of Grazers on Algal Assemblage and Biomass -- 5.2.1.8 General Conclusions from a Particular Ecosystem -- 5.2.2 Macrophytes -- 5.3 Primary Production -- 6: Bacteria and Fungi -- 6.1The Role of Bacteria and Fungi in Streams -- 6.2 The Communities -- 6.2.1 Bacterial Abundance and Biomass -- 6.2.1.1 Abundance in Different Habitats -- 6.2.1.2 Effects of Temperature and Discharge on Suspended Bacterial Abundance -- 6.2.1.3 Bacterial Biomass -- 6.2.2 Bacterial Community Composition -- 6.2.2.1 Methodological Approaches -- 6.2.2.2 Cultivation -- 6.2.2.3 Fluorescence in situ Hybridization -- 6.2.2.4 Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis -- 6.2.2.5 Sequence Analysis -- 6.2.2.6 Water versus Sediment Bacterial Communities -- 6.2.2.7 Community Composition: Conclusions -- 6.2.3 The Fungal Community -- 6.3 Microbial Metabolic Activity -- 6.3.1 Approaches to Microbial Metabolic Activity Measurements in the Breitenbach -- 6.3.2 Extracellular Enzyme Activity -- 6.3.2.1 The Function of Extracellular Enzymes in Streams -- 6.3.2.2 Methodological Approach -- 6.3.2.3 Spatial Distribution -- 6.3.2.4 Activity of Different Enzymes.

6.3.2.5 Environmental Controls and Regulation -- 6.3.2.6 The Molecular Biology Perspective -- 6.3.3 Bacterial Production -- 6.3.3.1 The Importance of Bacterial Carbon Production in Streams -- 6.3.3.2 Methodological Approach -- 6.3.3.3 Seasonal Fluctuation -- 6.3.3.4 Small-Scale Variability and Particulate Organic Matter Content -- 6.3.3.5 Influence of Temperature and Discharge -- 6.3.3.6 Comparing BCP between Different Streams and Rivers -- 6.3.3.7 Annual Bacterial Production and Respiration -- 6.3.4 Fungal Production -- 7: The Fauna of the Breitenbach -- 7.1 Sampling Methods -- 7.1.1 Collecting the Macrozoobenthos -- 7.1.1.1 Study of Specimens -- 7.1.1.2 Secondary Production -- 7.1.1.3 Life Cycle Analyses -- 7.1.1.4 Effect of an Insecticide Poisoning -- 7.1.2 Collecting Insects in Emergence Traps -- 7.1.2.1 Goals -- 7.1.2.2 Types of Trap Used and Years of Operation -- 7.1.2.3 Fundamentals of Emergence Trap Function -- 7.1.2.4 Errors during Trap Operation -- 7.1.2.5 Emergence Traps as Activity Traps and Terrestrial By-Catch -- 7.1.2.6 Emergence Trap Collections and Estimates of Secondary Production -- 7.1.2.7 Evaluation - Statistical Treatment of Data -- 7.2 Protozoa: Ciliophora -- 7.3 Platyhelminthes and Annelida -- 7.3.1 Platyhelminthes -- 7.3.2 Annelida -- 7.4 Nematoda -- 7.5 Mollusca -- 7.6 Arthropoda -- 7.6.1 Chelicerata -- 7.6.2 Hydrachnidia -- 7.6.3 Crustacea -- 7.6.4 Insecta -- 7.6.4.1 General and Minor Taxa -- 7.6.4.2 Ephemeroptera -- 7.6.4.3 Plecoptera -- 7.6.4.4 Coleoptera -- 7.6.4.5 Trichoptera -- 7.6.4.6 Aquatic Diptera -- 7.7 Chordata -- 7.8 Ecophysiology, Behavior, and Life Cycles of Scrapers -- 7.8.1 Crowding Problems and Feeding Strategy of Tinodes rostocki (Trichoptera: Psychomyiidae), a Dominant Epilithic Caddisfly in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Breitenbach.

7.8.1.1 Larval Age Structure, Colonization of Natural Substrata, and Intraspecific Competition for Space in T. rostocki -- 7.8.1.2 Retreats of T. rostocki as a Substratum for Larval Food Resources -- 7.8.1.3 Feeding strategy of T. rostocki -- 7.8.2 Life Cycle and Ovipositing Adaptations of Agapetus fuscipes (Trichoptera, Glossosomatidae) to a First-Order Stream -- 7.8.2.1 Life Cycle of Glossosomatidae -- 7.8.2.2 Measurements of Pronotum Length, Larval Mass, and Case Length in A. fuscipes -- 7.8.2.3 Number of Larval Instars -- 7.8.2.4 Larval Mass and Case Length throughout the Ontogeny -- 7.8.2.5 Molt Increments -- 7.8.2.6 The Presence of Developmental Stages in the Breitenbach throughout the Year -- 7.8.2.7 Life Cycle Adaptation of A. fuscipes to a Small Uphill Stream -- 7.8.2.8 Ovipositing Behavior of Agapetus fuscipes -- 7.8.2.9 Egg Number and Egg Masses per Female -- 7.8.2.10 Distribution and Abundance of Egg Masses in the Breitenbach -- 7.8.2.11 Correlation between Egg Number and Cap Stone Size -- 7.8.2.12 Ovipositing Behavior of Glossosomatidae -- 7.8.3 Importance of Case Construction for Crawling Behavior and the Coexistence of Three Trichopteran Scrapers in the Upper Reach of the Breitenbach -- 7.8.3.1 Functions of Different Case Constructions for Trichopteran Species -- 7.8.3.2 Case Construction with Respect to Size, Shape, Composition, and Mass -- 7.8.3.3 Number and Size of Sand Grains -- 7.8.3.4 Use of Silk, Case Construction Costs, and Case: Larval Mass Quotient -- 7.8.3.5 Crawling Velocity of Larvae -- 7.8.3.6 Advantages of Different Case Constructions for Epilithic Scrapers -- 7.8.3.7 Effect of Substratum Roughness on Larval Crawling Velocity -- 7.8.4 Interactions between Scrapers and Periphyton -- 7.8.4.1 Introduction -- 7.8.4.2 Comparison of the Dietary Composition of Epilithic Trichopteran Species.

7.8.4.3 Gut Content and Periphyton Analyses -- 7.8.4.4 Comparison between Species -- 7.8.4.5 Gut Content and Periphyton Composition throughout the Year -- 7.8.4.6 Variability in Gut Content and Periphyton Composition along the Stream -- 7.8.4.7 Primary Producers, Food Quality, and Resource Overlap -- 7.8.4.8 Interspecific Competition between Scrapers and Top-Down Control of Biofilms -- 7.8.4.9 Spatial and Temporal Development of Trichopteran and Ephemeropteran Grazers and Periphyton along the Breitenbach -- 7.8.4.10 Significance of Phototrophic Microorganisms for the Mortality, Growth, and Development of Trichopteran Scrapers -- 7.8.4.11 The Diurnal Foraging Behavior of A. fuscipes and D. annulatus -- 7.8.4.12 Food Choice in Laboratory Experiments -- 7.8.4.13 Response of Trichopteran Grazers to Biofilms of Diverse Quantity and Quality -- 7.8.4.14 Feeding Strategies and Ecological Segregation of Trichopteran Grazers in the Breitenbach -- 7.8.4.15 Conclusions -- 7.9 Effects of Water Temperature along the Breitenbach -- 7.9.1 Water Temperature as an Important Variable for Explaining Body Size -- 7.9.2 Functional Feeding Groups -- 7.9.3 Experiments with Chaetopteryx villosa -- 7.9.3.1 Life Cycle and Adult Size at Different Stream Sites -- 7.9.3.2 Between-Sexes Size Difference -- 7.9.3.3 Field Experiment - Effects of Food and Temperature -- 7.9.3.4 Chaetopteryx villosa - Growth Models -- 7.9.4 Gammarus fossarum - Another Example -- 7.9.5 Water Temperature - A Limiting Resource -- 7.9.6 Scrapers - Indication of Site-Specific Intra- and Interspecific Competition Based on Emerged Adults -- 7.9.6.1 Caddisfly Scrapers - Size Differences along the Breitenbach -- 7.9.6.2 Within- and Between-Species Resource Limitation -- 8: Ecosystem Breitenbach -- 8.1 The Sandy Streambed Areas of the Breitenbach -- 8.1.1 Importance of Sediments in Streams.

8.1.2 The Breitenbach Streambed.