Cover -- Title Page -- Contents -- Editors' Preface -- Contributors -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 1 Why We Study Intellectual Property Rights and What We Have Learned -- I. Introduction -- II. Intellectual Property and Economic Analysis: Some Conceptual Guidance -- III. What Have We Learned from Past Research? -- Intellectual Property Protection, Trade, FDI, and International Licensing -- Intellectual Property Exhaustion and Parallel Importation -- Intellectual Property Protection, Market Structure, and Innovation in Developing Countries -- IV. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- PART 1 Intellectual Property, Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and International Licensing -- 2 How Stronger Protection of Intellectual Property Rights Affects International Trade Flows -- I. Introduction -- II. A Review of the Economics of Trade-Related IPRs -- Bilateral Trade Flows and Differences in IPR Protection -- Welfare Implications -- III. Empirical Analysis: The Estimation Setup -- IV. Empirical Estimates -- V. Comparisons with Related Studies -- VI. Summary and Conclusion -- Appendix 2.A. Country Data -- Appendix 2.B. Description of Likelihood Function and Likelihood Ratio Tests -- Notes -- References -- 3 The Role of Intellectual Property Rights in Encouraging Foreign Direct Investment and Technology Transfer -- I. Introduction -- II. Trends in FDI and Technology Transfer -- III. The Influences of IPRs on Technology Transfer -- IV. Econometric Evidence on IPRs and Technology Transfer -- Other Empirical Work on the Effects of IPRs -- V. Policies to Attract Beneficial FDI and Technology Transfer -- Benefits and Costs of Inward FDI and Licensing -- Intellectual Property Rights -- Broader Policy Approaches -- VI. Concluding Remarks -- Notes -- References.

4 Intellectual Property Rights and U.S. and German International Transactions in Manufacturing Industries -- I. Introduction -- II. Theoretical Predictions and Available Empirical Evidence -- III. IPRs and Total U.S. International Transactions -- IV. IPRs and U.S. Arm's-Length Exports and Sales by Overseas Affiliates -- V. IPRs and German Exports and FDI -- VI. IPRs and German Receipts for Patents, Inventions, and Processes -- VII. Summary of Main Findings -- Appendix 4.A: Data -- United States International Transactions -- German Total Export and FDI Stocks -- German Receipts for Patents, Inventions, and Processes -- Notes -- References -- 5 Intellectual Property Rights and Licensing: An Econometric Investigation -- I. Introduction -- II. Intellectual Property and Licensing -- III. An Empirical Model of Licensing -- IV. Data Sources -- V. Estimation Results -- VI. Concluding Remarks -- Appendix 5.A. Ginarte-Park Patent Index -- Notes -- References -- 6 The Composition of Foreign Direct Investment and Protection of Intellectual Property Rights: Evidence from Transition Economies -- I. Introduction -- II. Related Literature and Hypotheses to Be Tested -- III. Econometric Specification and Data -- Econometric Specification -- Data -- Measures of IPR protection -- Other Control Variables -- IV. Empirical Results -- Effect of IPR Protection on Probability of FDI Taking Placee -- Effect of IPR Protection on the Choice of Project Function -- V. Conclusions -- Appendix 6.A. Robustness Tests -- Notes -- References -- PART 2 Intellectual Property Exhaustion and Parallel Trade -- 7 Entering the Jungle of Intellectual Property Rights Exhaustion and Parallel Importation -- I. Introduction -- II. The Current Legal Framework -- III. The Pros and Cons of National IPR Exhaustion Compared with International IPR Exhaustion -- A. The Classic Free Trade Argument.

B. Abusive Price Discrimination or Welfare-Enhancing Price Differentiation? -- C. National Exhaustion as a Reinforcement of IPRs -- D. The Special Case of Government Intervention -- E. National Exhaustion as an Extension of Vertical Control -- F. Statutory IPR Exhaustion or Private Contractual Arrangements? -- IV. The (Limited) Empirical Evidence -- V. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 8 Parallel Imports in a Model of Vertical Distribution: Theory, Evidence, and Policy -- I. Introduction -- II. Policy Issues -- III. A Model of Vertical Distribution and Parallel Imports -- IV. Empirical Evidence -- V. Concluding Remarks -- Notes -- References -- 9 Developing and Distributing Essential Medicines to Poor Countries: The Defend Proposal -- I. Introduction -- II. Scope of the Problem -- III. The Economics of Developing and Distributing Drugs -- IV. A Proposal for a Developing Economies' Fund for Essential New Drugs -- A. Criteria -- B. Outline of the Proposal -- C. Implementation of the Proposal -- V. Concluding Remarks -- Notes -- References -- PART 3 Intellectual Property, Market Structure, and Innovation -- 10 Patent Protection, Transnational Corporations, and Market Structure: A Simulation Study of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry -- I. Introduction -- II. Industry Structure -- III. The Model Setup -- Demand for Drugs -- Supply of Drugs -- IV. The Data -- V. Model Calibration -- VI. Model Simulation -- VII. Simulation Results -- VIII. Summary of Main Findings -- Appendix 10.A Derivation of First-Order Condition -- Notes -- References -- 11 Strengthening Intellectual Property Rights in Lebanon -- I. Introduction -- II. The Existing IPR System in Lebanon -- III. The Relevance of IPRs for Industries -- IV. The Economics of IPRs in a Small Developing Economy -- Short-Run (Static) Economic Effects -- Long-Run (Dynamic) Economic Effects.

V. Estimates of Static Output and Employment Effects of Stronger IPRs -- Patent and Trademark Sectors: Pharmaceuticals -- Caveats -- Copyright Sectors: Software -- Printing and Publishing, Music, and Film -- VI. Concluding Remarks -- Appendix 11.A: General Equations for Partial-Equilibrium Models -- Effects of Cost Increases Caused by Higher Fees for IPRs or Input Prices -- An Importer-Distributor with a Fixed Markup -- Substitution Effects among Market Segments -- Notes -- References -- 12 Intellectual Property Rights and Economic Development in China -- I. Introduction -- II. IPRs and Economic Development -- How Economic Development Affects IPR Systems -- How IPRs Stimulate Economic Development -- Stimulation of Invention and Innovation -- Market Deepening -- Quality Assurance -- Domestic and International Diffusion of Knowledge -- Composition of Global Research and Development -- How IPRs Limit Economic Development -- Administrative Costs -- Shifting Resources out of Infringing Activities -- Monopoly Pricing -- Higher Imitation Costs -- IPR Abuses -- Overall Effects of IPRs on Growth -- III. The IPR Situation in China -- Discussion of Interview Findings -- Views of Enterprise Managers -- Views of Agency Officials and University Scholars -- Effects of Weak Protection -- Patent and Trademark Activity in China -- Invention Characteristics in China -- Growth Effects of Foreign Technology in China -- IV. Conclusions and Recommendations -- Notes -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.