Contents /Inhalt -- IX. Regional Overview Regionaler Überblick -- 169. Scandinavia / Skandinavien -- 1. The geographical delimitation of -- 2. Linguistic delimitation and genetic -- 3. The sociolinguistic history -- 4. The sociolinguistic profile of the -- 5. The languages and their -- 6. Language maintenance and -- 7. Literature (selected) -- 170. The British Isles / Die Britischen Inseln -- 1. Historical developments -- 2. The rise of English -- 3. Varieties of present-day English in -- 4. Other languages in the British Isles -- 5. Literature (selected) -- 171. The Low Countries / Niederlande -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Dutch language area -- 3. Flanders -- 4. The Netherlands -- 5. Linguistic integration -- 6. German speaking Belgium -- 7. Literature (selected) -- 172. Die deutschsprachigen Länder / The German-Speaking Countries -- 1. Gegenstandsbereich -- 2. Zur Geschichte der deutsch-sprachigen -- 3. Plurinationalität und Pluri-regionalität -- 4. Verhältnis von Dialekt zu -- 5. Sprachminderheiten innerhalb -- 6. Schwindende Internationalität der -- 7. Literatur (in Auswahl) -- 1. Vorbemerkung, Statistik -- 2. Sprachgebiete und Sprachgrenzen -- 3. Sprachenrecht und Sprachen-regelungen -- 4. Standardsprachen -- 5. Kontaktphänomene innerhalb der -- 6. Kontaktphänomene zwischen -- 7. Literatur (in Auswahl) -- 173. France / Frankreich -- 1. General remarks -- 2. Diversity and variation -- 3. Attitudes towards the French -- 4. Emergence of new language forms -- 5. Literature (selected) -- 174. Italien / Italy -- 1. Sprache und Staat. Sprachpolitik -- 2. Die These von der Neuordnung des -- 3. Geographische Begrenzungen -- 4. Die soziale Sprachstratifikation -- 5. Der augenblickliche Führungs-anspruch -- 6. Das Aufkommen neuer Varietäten -- 7. Gesamtbewertung -- 8. Literatur (in Auswahl) -- 175. The Iberian Peninsula / Die Iberische Halbinsel.

1. Introduction: monolingual and -- 2. Sociolinguistic history of the area -- 3. Linguistic diversity -- 4. Literature (selected) -- 176. Hungarian In- and Outside Hungary -- 1. Hungarians -- 2. Sociolinguistic issues of Hungarian -- 3. Sociolinguistic issues of Hungarian -- 4. Literature (selected) -- 177. Rumänien und Moldau / Romania and Moldavia -- 1. Einleitung -- 2. Geschichtlicher Hintergrund -- 3. Demographische Daten -- 4. Sprachliche Verhältnisse -- 5. Forschung -- 6. Literatur (in Auswahl) -- 178. Die südslawische Region / The South-Slavic Area -- 1. Einleitung -- 2. Die südslawischen Sprachen -- 3. Slowenisch -- 4. Bosnisch/Kroatisch/Serbisch -- 5. Makedonisch -- 6. Bulgarisch -- 7. Ausblick -- 8. Literatur (in Auswahl) -- 179. Die westslawischen Sprachen / The West-Slavic Languages -- 1. Zeit und Raum -- 2. Die tschechische Sprache -- 3. Die slowakische Sprache -- 4. Die sorbischen Sprachen -- 5. Die polnische Sprache -- 6. Die kaschubische Sprache -- 7. Ausblick -- 8. Literatur (in Auswahl) -- 180. Die ostslawische Region / The East-Slavic Area -- 1. Soziolinguistische Forschung in der -- 2. Soziolinguistische Aspekte des -- 3. Soziolinguistische Aspekte -- 4. Soziolinguistische Aspekte des -- 5. Literatur (in Auswahl) -- 181. The Baltic States / Die baltischen Staaten -- 1. General situation -- 2. Territorial history and national -- 3. The sociolinguistic history of the -- 4. Linguistic interferences of contact -- 5. Linguistic legislation -- 6. Conclusions -- 7. Literature (selected) -- 182. Gypsy Languages / Zigeunersprachen -- 1. The category 'gypsy languages' -- 2. Names -- 3. Paucity of linguistic material -- 4. The rajput hypothesis -- 5. Literature (selected) -- 183. Albania / Albanien -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical overview -- 3. Dialectal situation -- 4. Standardization -- 5. Minority languages -- 6. Current issues.

7. Conclusion -- 8. Literature (selected) -- 184. Greece and Cyprus / Griechenland und Zypern -- 1. Background -- 2. Minority languages in Greece -- 3. Cyprus -- 4. Literature (selected) -- 185. Central Asia and Mongolia / Zentralasien und Mongolei -- 1. The geographical area -- 2. Linguistic groups -- 3. Languages, involved genetic -- 4. Sociolinguistic history -- 5. Language contacts and -- 6. Standard languages and dialect -- 7. Official languages and their -- 8. Linguistic reform work -- 9. The present status of the languages -- 10. Political and ethnic issues -- 11. Problems and research gaps -- 12. Literature (selected) -- 1. Sociolinguistics of the country -- 2. Literature (selected) -- 1. Sociolinguistics of the country -- 2. Literature (selected) -- 187. Turkey / Türkei -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Languages and population -- 3. Research in Linguistic Turkology -- 4. Literature (selected) -- 188. Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan -- 1. The area -- 2. Sociolinguistic history -- 3. Genetic relationships -- 4. Sociolinguistic function -- 5. Standardization -- 6. Literature (selected) -- 189. The Arabic-speaking Middle East -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Levant -- 3. Syria -- 4. Lebanon -- 5. Jordan -- 6. The Palestinian territories -- 7. Egypt -- 8. Literature (selected) -- 190. Israel and the Jewish Languages -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Jewish languages -- 3. Jewish languages - a general -- 4. Jewish languages - specific -- 5. Jewish languages - fate and -- 6. The languages of Israel - general -- 7. Revitalization of Hebrew -- 8. The British mandate -- 9. The establishment of the State -- 10. Challenges to the Hegemony -- 11. Literature (selected) -- 191. The Arabian Peninsula and Iraq -- 1. Geographical delimitation -- 2. The early sociolinguistic history -- 3. The modern sociolinguistic history -- 4. The contemporary sociolinguistic.

5. Literature (selected) -- 192. North Africa / Nordafrika -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Spanish North Africa and Malta -- 3. Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, -- 4. Conclusion -- 5. Literature (selected) -- 193. Francophone West Africa / Das frankophone Westafrika -- 1. Sociolinguistic situations -- 2. Language policies -- 3. The law and reality -- 4. Literature (selected) -- 194. Sudan and the Horn of Africa -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Djibouti -- 3. Eritrea -- 4. Ethiopia -- 5. Somalia -- 6. Sudan -- 7. Literature (selected) -- 195. Anglophone West Africa / Das anglophone Westafrika -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sociolinguistic history -- 3. Languages -- 4. Country-by-country overview -- 5. Acknowledgements -- 6. Literature (selected) -- 196. East Africa / Ostafrika -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Linguistic patterns and language -- 3. Conclusion -- 4. Literature (selected) -- 197. Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Burundi -- 1. Sociolinguistic situations -- 2. Language policies -- 3. Literature (selected) -- 198. Lusophone Africa / Das lusophone Afrika -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cap-Vert -- 3. Guinée-Bissau -- 4. São Tomé et Príncipe -- 5. Angola -- 6. Mozambique -- 7. Bibliographie (choisie) -- 199. Southern Africa / Südliches Afrika -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The language families and their -- 3. Pidgin languages and urban jargons -- 4. The linguistic situation in the -- 5. Literature (selected) -- 200. Madagascar and the Comoros / Madagaskar und die Komoren -- 1. Madagascar -- 2. The Comoros -- 3. Literature (selected) -- 201. The Indian Ocean / Der Indische Ozean -- 4. Literature (selected) -- 202. South Asia / Südasien -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Linguistic context -- 3. Linguistic repertoire -- 4. Contact languages -- 5. South Asian English -- 6. Language variation -- 7. Areal characteristics -- 8. Writing systems -- 9. Language minorities -- 10. Language policies.

11. Language standardization -- 12. Language conflicts and movements -- 13. Language shift and death -- 14. Conclusion -- 15. Literature (selected) -- 203. China /China -- 1. Overview of languages and their -- 2. The constitutional status of -- 3. Freedom of languages -- 4. The growing role of the Han -- 5. Outline of language reform policy -- 6. Literature (selected) -- 204. Mainland Southeast Asia / Südostasiatisches Festland -- 1. Overview -- 2. Thailand -- 3. Laos -- 4. Cambodia -- 5. Vietnam -- 6. Burma -- 7. Literature (selected) -- 205. Malaysia and Insular Southeast Asia -- 1. The geographical delimitation of -- 2. The sociolinguistic history of the -- 3. Linguistic delimitation and genetic -- 4. The main languages -- 5. The sociolinguistic profile of the -- 6. Issues connected with -- 7. Issues connected with language -- 8. Literature (selected) -- 206. Japan und Korea / Japan and Korea -- 1. Die soziolinguistische Situation -- 2. Bereiche und Charakteristik der -- 3. Aktuelle Themen -- 4. Literatur (in Auswahl) -- 207. Australia and New Zealand /Australien und Neuseeland -- 1. A Bird's eye view of the language -- 2. Indigenous-English language -- 3. Contact between English and other -- 4. English in Australia and New -- 5. Conclusion -- 6. Literature (selected) -- 208. The South Pacific / Der südliche Pazifik -- 1. Geography, demography and -- 2. The major families of indigenous -- 3. Explaining the diversity -- 4. European and other recently -- 5. Lingua francas and multilingualism -- 6. Literacy and orthographies -- 7. Language Varieties and Discourse -- 8. Language status and politics -- 9. Future prospects -- 10. Literature (selected) -- 209. Canada / Kanada -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Federal language and culture -- 3. The status of French and English -- 4. Aboriginal varieties -- 5. Allophone languages and language.

6. French immersion education.