Polyolefin Reaction Engineering -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Nomenclature -- 1 Introduction to Polyolefins -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Polyethylene Resins -- 1.3 Polypropylene Resins -- Further Reading -- 2 Polyolefin Microstructural Characterization -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Molecular Weight Distribution -- 2.2.1 Size Exclusion Chromatography -- 2.2.2 Field Flow Fractionation -- 2.3 Chemical Composition Distribution -- 2.3.1 Crystallizability-Based Techniques -- 2.3.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography -- 2.4 Cross-Fractionation Techniques -- 2.5 Long-Chain Branching -- Further Reading -- 3 Polymerization Catalysis and Mechanism -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Catalyst Types -- 3.2.1 Ziegler-Natta Catalysts -- 3.2.2 Phillips Catalysts -- 3.2.3 Metallocenes -- 3.2.4 Late Transition Metal Catalysts -- 3.3 Supporting Single-Site Catalysts -- 3.4 Polymerization Mechanism with Coordination Catalysts -- Further Reading -- 4 Polyolefin Reactors and Processes -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Reactor Configurations and Design -- 4.2.1 Gas-Phase Reactors -- 4.2.1.1 Fluidized Bed Gas-Phase Reactors -- 4.2.1.2 Vertical Stirred Bed Reactor -- 4.2.1.3 Horizontal Stirred Gas-Phase Reactor -- 4.2.1.4 Multizone Circulating Reactor -- 4.2.2 Slurry-Phase Reactors -- 4.2.2.1 Autoclaves -- 4.2.2.2 Slurry Loop Reactors -- 4.2.3 Solution Reactors -- 4.2.4 Summary of Reactor Types for Olefin Polymerization -- 4.3 Olefin Polymerization Processes -- 4.3.1 Polyethylene Manufacturing Processes -- 4.3.1.1 Slurry (Inert Diluent) Processes -- 4.3.1.2 Gas-Phase Processes -- 4.3.1.3 Mixed-Phase Processes -- 4.3.1.4 Solution Processes -- 4.3.2 Polypropylene Manufacturing Processes -- 4.3.2.1 Slurry (Inert Diluent) Processes -- 4.3.2.2 Gas-Phase Processes -- 4.3.2.3 Mixed-Phase Processes -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- 5 Polymerization Kinetics.

5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Fundamental Model for Polymerization Kinetics -- 5.2.1 Single-Site Catalysts -- 5.2.1.1 Homopolymerization -- 5.2.1.2 Copolymerization -- 5.2.2 Multiple-Site Catalysts -- 5.2.3 Temperature Dependence of Kinetic Constants -- 5.2.4 Number of Moles of Active Sites -- 5.3 Nonstandard Polymerization Kinetics Models -- 5.3.1 Polymerization Orders Greater than One -- 5.3.2 Hydrogen Effect on the Polymerization Rate -- 5.3.3 Comonomer Effect on the Polymerization Rate -- 5.3.4 Negative Polymerization Orders with Late Transition Metal Catalysts -- 5.4 Vapor-Liquid-Solid Equilibrium Considerations -- Further Reading -- 6 Polyolefin Microstructural Modeling -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Instantaneous Distributions -- 6.2.1 Molecular Weight Distribution -- 6.2.1.1 Single-Site Catalysts -- 6.2.1.2 Multiple-Site Catalysts -- 6.2.2 Chemical Composition Distribution -- 6.2.2.1 Single-Site Catalysts -- 6.2.2.2 Multiple-Site Catalysts -- 6.2.3 Comonomer Sequence Length Distribution -- 6.2.4 Long-Chain Branching Distribution -- 6.2.5 Polypropylene: Regio- and Stereoregularity -- 6.3 Monte Carlo Simulation -- 6.3.1 Steady-State Monte Carlo Models -- 6.3.2 Dynamic Monte Carlo Models -- Further Reading -- 7 Particle Growth and Single Particle Modeling -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Particle Fragmentation and Growth -- 7.2.1 The Fragmentation Step -- 7.2.2 Particle Growth -- 7.3 Single Particle Models -- 7.3.1 Particle Mass and Energy Balances: the Multigrain Model (MGM) -- 7.3.2 The Polymer Flow Model (PFM) -- 7.3.3 An Analysis of Particle Growth with the MGM/PFM Approach -- 7.3.4 Convection in the Particles - High Mass Transfer Rates at Short Times -- 7.4 Limitations of the PFM/MGM Approach: Particle Morphology -- References -- Further Reading -- 8 Developing Models for Industrial Reactors -- 8.1 Introduction -- References -- Further Reading -- Index.