Preface; List of Contributors; Chapter 1 Immunological Properties of Engineered Nanomaterials: An Introduction Marina A. Dobrovolskaia and Scott E. McNeil; 1. Introduction; 2. Interaction with Blood Components; 2.1. Hemolysis; 2.2. Coagulation; 2.3. Complement activation; 3. Nanoparticle Uptake by Phagocytic Cells; 4. Immunogenicity; 4.1. Inflammation; 4.2. Antigenicity; 4.3. Adjuvant properties; 5. Immunosuppression; 6. Designing Immunotoxicity Studies; 7. Future Directions; References.

Chapter 2 Importance of Physicochemical Characterization Prior to Immunological Studies Jeffrey D. Clogston and Anil K. Patri1. Introduction; 2. Key Parameters that Influence Nanomaterial Immunological Properties; 3. Instrumentation for Physicochemical Characterization; 4. Methodologies for Nanomaterial Separation; 5. A Closer Look; 5.1. Dynamic light scattering; 5.1.1. Additional considerations for DLS measurements; 5.2. Zeta potential; 6. Summary; References; Chapter 3 Impact of Nanoparticle Sterilization on Analytical Characterization Nanda Subbarao; 1. Introduction.

2. Why Is Sterilization a Challenge for Nanotherapeutics?3. Previous Studies Reviewing the Effects of Various Sterilization Procedures on Nanomaterials; 4. Available Methods for Sterilization; 4.1. Autoclaving; 4.1.1. Impact on NT analytics; 4.2. Filtration; 4.2.1. Impact on NT analytics; 4.3. Gamma irradiation; 4.3.1. Gamma irradiation of SLNs; 4.3.2. Gamma irradiation and liposomes; 4.3.3. Mitigating the effects of gamma irradiation; 4.3.4. Gamma irradiation remains a method of choice for NTs; 4.3.5. Impact on NT analytics; 4.4. Gaseous ethylene oxide; 4.4.1. Impact on NT analytics.

4.5. High hydrostatic pressure sterilization4.6. Formaldehyde; 5. Comparison of Different Methods for Sterilization; 6. Impact on Nanotherapeutic Analytics; 7. Conclusions; References; Chapter 4 Endotoxin and Engineered Nanomaterials Marina A. Dobrovolskaia and Scott E. McNeil; 1. Introduction; 2. What Endotoxin Is and Why It Is Important to Study in Nanoformulations; 3. Methods Used for Endotoxin Detection and Quantification; 3.1. Traditional methods; 3.2. Alternative methods; 3.2.1. Gel-staining-based methods; 3.2.2. Ligand binding-based methods; 3.2.3. Mass spectrometry-based methods.

3.2.4. Macrophage activation test4. Estimating Endotoxin in Nanoformulations; 4.1. Nanoparticle interference with traditional methods; 4.2. Evaluation of interference; 4.3. How to choose an appropriate LAL format; 4.4. Application of non-traditional methods; 4.4.1. Gel-based assay; 4.4.2. Western blot-based assay; 5. Use of Traditional Endotoxin-Neutralizing Reagents in Nanoparticle Research; 5.1. Case study 1; 5.2. Case study 2; 6. Minimizing Contamination and Interference; 7. Purification and Depyrogenation of Nanoformulations; 8. Conclusions and Future Directions; References.