Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. Overview of the Volume -- 2. Pursuing the Justice Motive -- The Personal Contract: Giving Up the Pleasure Principle for the Reality Principle -- Justice Takes More Forms than "Equity" -- Creating a Meaningful Stable World Generates Three Basic Cognitive-Affective Templates: Identity, Unit, Non-Unit -- The Effects of Later Experiences: Separating and Reintegrating "Person" and "Process" -- Some Hunches about How "Is" Becomes "Ought" -- In Summary: Basic Outline of the Justice Motive -- Rediscovering Social Norms: Status Roles and Self-Interest -- How Do Social Norms and Psychological Processes Appear in Peoples Reactions? -- Equating Justice Motivation with Role-Playing Societal Norms: Errors in Contemporary Research -- The Family Crisis of Alzheimer's-Generated Dependency -- Extending Justice Motive Theory to Family Dynamics in a Continuing Crisis of Parental Dependency -- The Puzzle of the Contented Elderly: Understanding the Difference Between Pain and Suffering -- The Heroic Motive: Or, How I Almost Got My Nose Broken -- Justice and Victims in the New Economy -- Coping with Undeserved Job Loss and Downward Mobility -- The Peripatetic Entrepreneur: Creating the International Journal and the Society Devoted to Justice Research -- And Now… -- REFERENCES -- THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE JUSTICE MOTIVE -- 3. Doing Justice to the Justice Motive -- Justice as a Normative Standard -- The Justice Motive -- Is the Prescriptive Nature of Justice Represented in Rational Choice Analyses? -- Justice as an End or Justice as a Means? -- The Justice Motive as a Primary or "Primordial" Motive -- Traps of Reductionism -- Empirical Evidence of a Primordial Justice Motive -- The Construction of Justice -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES.

4. The Justice Motive in Perspective -- Introduction -- Lerner's View on the Justice Motive and Some of the Critiques -- The Societal Context -- The Social Figuration -- Social Figuration Revisited -- Montaillou: An Historical Account -- Social Figuration and Justice -- Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 5. Perverse Justice and Perverse Norms: Another Turn of the Screw -- Introduction -- Lerner's Psychology of Suffering -- Ethical Motives and their Paradoxes: An Example -- Beyond the Justice Motive -- The Normative Imperative -- The Normative Imperative and Human Suffering: Another Turn of the Screw -- Empirical Support -- Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 6. Justice Motivation and Moral Motivation -- The Justice Motive -- Need to Believe in a Just World: The Just World Hypothesis -- Emergence of the Justice Motive from the Personal Contract -- A Second Form of Justice Motivation -- Moral Motivation -- A Sketchy Map of the Moral Realm -- Thinking about Moral Motivation in Light of What We Know about Justice Motivation -- Moral Motivation as Received -- Moral Hypocrisy as Emergent -- Emergent Forms of Moral Motivation -- Playing Games -- Being the Recipient of Exceptional Niceness -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- VICTIM DEROGATION AND THE BELIEF IN A JUST WORLD -- 7. Why We Reject Innocent Victims -- I. Injustice and the Rejection of Innocent Victims -- Studies 1 and 2: The Injustice of Innocent Suffering Threatens Observers -- Study 3: The Threat of Injustice Motivates Rejection of Innocent Victims -- II. The Function of the BJW -- Study 4: Long-term Planning Drives the Need to Believe in a Just World -- Why Do We Reject Innocent Victims? -- Is Rejection of Innocent Victims Inevitable? -- REFERENCES -- 8. Helping and Rationalization as Alternative Strategies for Restoring the Belief in a Just World: Evidence from… -- Study I -- Method -- Results -- Study II.

Method -- Results -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 9. Violence in the Workplace - The Explanatory Strength of Social (In)Justice Theories -- Introduction -- The Causes of Violence in the Workplace -- External Aggression in a Casualty Ward -- Just World Belief -- Internal Aggression in the Workplace -- Attributional Styles, Self-esteem, and JWB of Victims of Bullying -- The Questionnaire -- Results -- Personality Characteristics: JWB and Self-esteem -- Risky Leadership Styles: The Boss as a Bully -- Transgressions of Social Justice Norms -- The Injustice Stress Theory -- Some Concluding Remarks -- REFERENCES -- 10. The Just World and Winston Churchill: An Approach/Avoidance Conflict about Psychological Distance When Harming Victims -- Churchill and Distancing as the Criticism of Politeness toward Victims (Enemies) -- The Harmdoer's Social Predicament Caused by the Victim's Unjust Suffering -- Managing Social Predicaments: Approach/Avoidance and the Mitigation-Aggravation Continuum -- AGGRAVATION OR MITIGATION -- Harmdoer's Face Threat -- Motivation to Maintain the Relationship -- Perceived Ability to Repair the Relationship -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- THE JUSTICE MOTIVE AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR -- 11. Just World, Social Responsibility, and Helping Behavior -- Belief in a Just World -- Individual Differences -- Social Responsibility -- Just World and Responsibility: Common Aspects and Differences -- Hypotheses -- A Test of Hypothesis 1 -- Participants -- Measures -- Results -- A Test of Hypothesis 2 -- Sample -- Results -- Discussion -- A Comparison to Other Conceptions of the Belief in a Just World -- A Final Thought -- REFERENCES -- 12. Policies to Redress Social Injustice: Is the Concern for Justice a Cause Both of Support and of Opposition? -- Can the Concern for Justice be a Genuine Cause of Opposition?.

Can the Concern for Justice Reduce Opposition? -- The Effect of the Perception of Workplace Discrimination in Mitigating Opposition to Affirmative Action -- The Effect of Disadvantage in Mitigating Opposition to the Violation of Procedural Justice -- Conclusion and Implications -- REFERENCES -- 13. Justice and Empathy: What Motivates People to Help Others? -- Motivations for Prosocial Behavior -- Justice and Prosocial Behavior -- Limits to the Justice-Prosocial Behavior Hypothesis -- Factors Facilitating the Justice-Helping Hypothesis -- Summary -- Empathy and Prosocial Behavior -- The Nature of the Empathic Motive -- Limitations on Empathy as a Prosocial Motive -- Empathy and Justice as Prosocial Motivators -- Empathy and Justice as Independent Motives -- Strength of Influence -- Nature of Influence -- Summary -- Reciprocal Effects between Empathy and Justice -- The Effects of Empathy on Justice Motivations -- The Effects of Justice on Empathy -- Summary -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 14. The Justice Motive and Altruistic Helping: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Europe -- The Study -- Rescuing -- Recognition of the Needs of Others - The Prerequisite of a Prosocial Goal -- Sources of Motivation for Rescuing -- Extensivity -- Concluding Remarks -- REFERENCES -- 15. Acting Righteously: The Influence of Attitude, Moral Responsibility, and Emotional Involvement -- Method -- Participants -- Preliminary Questionnaire -- Promotional Material -- Emotion Questionnaires -- Waiting Room Material -- Procedure -- Results -- Emotion versus Detached Condition -- Emotionally Affected versus Nonaffected Subjects -- Actors versus Nonactors -- Discussion -- REFERENCES -- JUSTICE-BASED REACTIONS TO TRANSGRESSORS -- 16. Retributive Justice: Its Social Context -- I. A Social Psychological Perspective -- II. Retributive Impulses and Infamous Crimes.

The Violation of Community Values -- Outsiders as Explanations of Deviance -- Apostates and Retributive Justice -- Excuses and Other Mitigating Conditions -- Effects of Apologies and Remorse on Retributive Sentiments -- Failures to Punish -- III. Concluding Comments -- REFERENCES -- 17. Just Punishments: Research on Retributional Justice -- Thinking about Retributive Justice -- The Retributive Impulse Is Acquired Early -- What Is the Essence of the Offense? -- The Subjectivist and Objectivist Stances -- Subjectivist-Objectivist Studies -- Conclusions on the Essence of the Crime -- What Is the Motivation for Punishment? -- A Study Pitting Just Deserts against Incapacitation -- Just Deserts Pitted against Deterrance -- Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 18. Deservingness, Entitlement, and Reactions to Outcomes -- Some Background Literature -- Distinguishing between Entitlement and Deservingness -- Modelling Deservingness and Its Effects -- Combining Deservingness and Entitlement -- Further Elaboration -- REFERENCES -- 19. Just World Processes in Demonizing -- Why Do People Demonize? -- Study I: Evilness Cues and Individual Differences in Just World Beliefs -- Study II: Evilness Cues, Perpetrator Remorse, and Individual Differences in Just World Beliefs -- Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- JUSTICE AND REACTION TO ONE'S OWN FATE -- 20. Belief in a Just World as a Personal Resource in School -- Study 1: BJW in School: A Path Model -- Study 2: BJW in School: Subjective Well-being and Achievement -- Discussion -- REFERENCES -- 21. Awakening to Discrimination -- Believing in a Just World -- Denying Personal Discrimination -- The Awakening -- How did I recognize discrimination? -- Making a Difference -- REFERENCES -- 22. Deservingness and Perceptions of Procedural Justice in Citizen Encounters with the Police -- Preliminary Research -- Method -- Participants.

Procedure.