Contents -- Untitled -- Untitled -- FOREWORD -- PREFACE -- SECTION 1: SETTING THE SCENE -- How the rice crop works and why it needs a new engine J.E. Sheehy, A.B. Ferrer, P.L. Mitchell, A. Elmido-Mabilangan, P. Pablico, and M.J.A. Dionora -- Growth phases of rice -- The grain yield equation -- Plasticity: properties of individuals and community members -- Solar radiation and canopy architecture as drivers of canopy photosynthesis -- Relationship between leaf photosynthesis, canopy photosynthesis, and yield -- Leaf and canopy temperature -- Radiation-use efficiency: two strategies for C4 rice -- Is the sink in rice big enough for C4 productivity? -- Searching for C4-ness in wild rice -- Conclusions -- References -- Notes -- The case for C4 rice P.L. Mitchell and J.E. Sheehy -- The chain of argument -- Progress in techniques -- The top-down approach -- Envoi -- References -- Notes -- Agricultural research, poverty alleviation, and key trends in Asia's rice economy D. Dawe -- Pathways from agricultural research to poverty alleviation: theory1 -- Agricultural research and poverty alleviation: evidence -- Key trends in the Asian rice economy Rice -- Water scarcity -- Conclusions -- References -- Notes -- Catching up with the literature for C4 rice: what we know now and didn't then P.L. Mitchell -- Current understanding of C4 photosynthesis -- Molecular biology and genetic engineering of C4 photosynthesis -- Use of Cleome -- Rice transgenic for C4 photosynthetic enzymes -- Better Rubisco for improved photosynthesis -- Reflections on constructing C4 rice -- References -- Notes -- SECTION 2: C4 RICE FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE -- C4 photosynthesis: minor or major adjustments to a C3 theme? R.C. Leegood -- Intercellular metabolite transport in C4 plants -- Intracellular metabolite transport in C4 plants.

Altered properties of enzymes of carbohydrate synthesis -- Mitochondrial specialization -- Regulation of C4 photosynthesis -- C4 mutants -- References -- Notes -- C4 photosynthesis and CO2 diffusion S. von Caemmerer, J.R. Evans, A.B. Cousins, M.R. Badger, and R.T. Furbank -- Carbon isotope discrimination and CO2 diffusion -- CO2 diffusion from intercellular air space to chloroplast stroma in C3 species -- CO2 diffusion from intercellular air space to mesophyll cytosol in C4 -- CO2 diffusion across bundle sheath/mesophyll interface -- Relationship between bundle sheath resistance to CO2 diffusion and leakiness of the bundle sheath -- Estimates of bundle sheath leakiness from measurements of carbon isotope discrimination -- What are the possibilities for C4 rice? -- Conclusions -- References -- Notes -- Nuclear regulation of chloroplast development in C4 and C3 plants J.A. Langdale, M. Waters, E.C. Moylan, and A. Bravo-Garcia -- Chloroplast development in the C4 plant maize -- GLK genes in C4 and C3 plants -- GLK gene function -- C4 rice-wishful thinking or potential reality? -- References -- Notes -- Balancing light capture with distributed metabolic demand during C4 photosynthesis J.R. Evans, T.C. Vogelmann, and S. von Caemmerer -- NADPH and ATP requirements -- NAD-ME -- NADP-ME -- Distribution of chlorophyll and light absorption 100 µm -- Effect of color on photosynthesis -- Conclusions -- References -- Notes -- Redesigning C4 rice from limited C4 photosynthesis D.M. Jiao -- Photosynthetic characteristics of transgenic rice expressing C4 photosynthesis enzymes -- Photoprotective effects of high-level expression of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in transgenic rice -- Physiological characteristics of the primitive CO2-concentrating mechanism in PC transgenic rice.

Characteristics of CO2 exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence for rice pollen lines transferred with the PEPC gene -- Future work -- Bibliography -- Notes -- Overexpression of C4 pathway genes in the C3 dicots potato, tobacco, and Arabidopsis: experiences and future challenges C. Peterhänsel, H.-J. Hirsch, and F. Kreuzaler -- The carboxylation reaction -- The decarboxylation reaction -- More C4 proteins and future challenges -- An alternative approach -- References -- Notes -- Molecular evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the dicot genus Flaveria: implications for the design of a C4 plant U. Gowik and P. Westhoff -- C4-specific protein properties -- C4-specific gene regulation -- Function of bundle sheath cells in C3 plants -- Outlook -- References -- Notes -- Learning from nature to develop strategies for the directed evolution of C4 rice R. Sage and T.L. Sage -- The age and taxonomic distribution of C4 photosynthesis -- Flaveria and our current understanding of the pathway for C4 evolution -- The critical significance of photorespiration in C4 evolution -- What are the selection forces favoring C4 photosynthesis? -- Learning from nature: designing systems to select for C4 traits in an accelerated manner -- Conclusions: the next steps forward to prove the concept -- References -- Notes -- The regulation of genes in C3 plants that have been co-opted into C4 photosynthesis, and implications for making a C4 rice J.M. Hibberd -- Regulation of genes that have been co-opted into C4 photosynthesis -- Phylogenetically informed approaches to understand C4 photosynthesis -- Choosing the C4 system and the sub-type -- Two extreme alternatives to engineer a C4 rice -- Strategy one -- Strategy two -- Conclusions -- References -- Notes -- SECTION 3: SINGLE-CELL C4 SYSTEMS -- C4 rice: early endeavors and models tested J. Burnell -- C4 rice -- The enzymes.

Conclusions -- Postscript -- References -- Notes -- Breaking the Kranz paradigm in terrestrial C4 plants: does it hold promise for C4 rice? G.E. Edwards, E. Voznesenskaya, M. Smith, N. Koteyeva, Y.-I. Park, J.H. Park, O. Kiirats, T.W. Okita, and S.D.X. Chuong -- Structural differences in terrestrial C4 systems -- Photosynthetic types, importance of control of chloroplast position, and role of the cytoskeleton -- Differentiation to form dimorphic chloroplasts -- Functioning of terrestrial single-cell C4 photosynthesis -- Relevance to designing rice to perform C4 or C3-C4 photosynthesis -- References -- Notes -- Hydrilla: retrofitting a C3 leaf with a single-cell C4 NADP-ME system G. Bowes, S.K. Rao, J.B. Reiskind, G.M. Estavillo, and V.S. Rao -- O2 inhibition of photosynthesis is an underlying rationale for C4 species -- Rising atmospheric CO2 and rice -- Transgenic C4 photosynthesis -- The Hydrilla single-cell system -- Implications of the Hydrilla system for a transgenic C4 rice plant -- References -- Notes -- The ecology and evolution of single-cell C4-like photosynthesis in diatoms: relevance to C4 rice J.A. Raven, K. Roberts, E. Granum, and R.C. Leegood -- The evidence for CCMs and C4 photosynthesis in diatoms -- Relevance to C4 rice -- Conclusions -- References -- Notes -- SECTION 4: THE BACKGROUND AND HOW C4 RICE CAN BE DELIVERED -- The promise of systems biology for deciphering the control of C4 leaf development: transcriptome profiling of leaf cell types T. Nelson, S.L. Tausta, N. Gandotra, T. Liu, T. Ceserani, M. Chen, Y. Jiao, L. Ma, X.-W. Deng, N. Sun, M. Holfold, N. Li, and H. Zhao -- Developmental features limiting rice from C4 physiology -- The C4 syndrome and systems biology -- What next for a systems approach? -- References -- Notes.

Toward C4 rice: learning from the acclimation of photosynthesis in the C3 leaf E.H. Murchie and P. Horton -- Losses in photosynthesis in the tropical environment -- Photosynthesis, Rubisco, and leaf N -- Toward C4 rice: the relationship between photosynthesis and leaf morphology -- The search for novel rice leaf morphology mutants -- Conclusions -- References -- Notes -- Wild species of Oryza: a rich reservoir of genetic variability for rice improvement D.S. Brar and J.M. Ramos -- Strategies for gene transfer from wild species into rice -- Alien gene transfer and varietal development using wild species of Oryza -- Molecular mapping of introgression alien genes/QTLs -- Molecular characterization of alien introgression and homoeologous pairing using GISH -- Development of new genetic resources for functional genomics -- Future outlook -- References -- Notes -- C4 rice: a plant breeder's perspective P.S. Virk and S. Peng -- Empirical breeding -- Ideotype breeding -- Further improvement of the new plant type -- Heterosis breeding -- Wide hybridization -- C4 rice -- References -- Notes -- From allele engineering to phenotype P. Hervé -- Candidate genomic regions -- Genome engineering and directed evolution strategies -- Phenotyping -- Conclusions -- References -- Notes -- SECTION 5: SETTING UP THE CONSORTIUM -- C4 rice: brainstorming from bioinformaticians R. Bruskiewich and S. Wanchana -- What is the role of bioinformatics? -- Crop (plant) genome sequencing -- General observations about sequenced plant genomes -- Framework for gene discovery -- Perspectives in modern biology -- Some brainstorming -- Other pertinent tools and initiatives -- Generation Challenge Program -- Summary -- References -- Notes -- Surveying the possible pathways to C4 rice P.L. Mitchell and J.E. Sheehy -- The background to C4 rice -- Coordinating research for C4 rice.

Kranz anatomy and C4 photosynthesis.