GLOBAL DIMENSIONS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -- Copyright -- Preface -- REFERENCE -- Contents -- I Introduction -- 1 The Global Dimensions of Intellectual Property Rights in Science and Technology -- MAJOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS -- EXAMPLES OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES -- Computer Software -- Semiconductor Chips -- The New Biotechnology -- INTERNATIONAL INFRINGEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS -- POLICY THEMES AND QUESTIONS -- Fundamental Trade-offs -- Policy Vision -- Intellectual Property Rights as a Trade Issue -- Interactions with Other Policies -- ORGANIZATION OF THE VOLUME -- REFERENCES -- 2 Intellectual Property Institutions and the Panda's Thumb: Patents, Copyrights, and Trade Secrets in Economic Theory and… -- INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ISSUES, ECONOMICS, AND HISTORY -- KNOWLEDGE, PUBLIC POLICY ECONOMICS, AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY -- Information, Public Goods, and Competitive Market Failures -- Imperfect Institutional Solutions and Trade-offs -- The Intellectual Property System -- Trade-offs in Organizing Knowledge Production -- Optimizing Intellectual Property Protection: Issues of Length and Breadth -- Length of Protection -- Breadth of Protection -- INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW AND SOME LEGACIES OF HISTORY -- Patents -- Encouraging Technology Transfer -- Protecting Intellectual Property -- Creating a U.S. Patent System -- Copyrights -- CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- II The Case For and Against a Uniform Worldwide Intellectual Property Rights System -- Introduction -- 3 Why a Uniform Intellectual Property System Makes Sense for the World -- A UNIFORM SYSTEM: WHAT IT IS AND IS NOT -- BENEFITS FOR NATIONS AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMY -- A Subject Little Studied -- Research Findings From Interviews -- What Does Free Riding Accomplish? -- Pent-up Demand -- Diffusion of Benefits.

Global Benefits -- REBUTTALS -- Ethics -- Dominance -- Economics -- Prowess First, Then Protection -- TRENDS TOWARD HIGH-STIMULATION SYSTEMS -- INSTALLING A UNIFORM, HIGH-STIMULATION SYSTEM -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 4 Harmonization Versus Differentiation in Intellectual Property Right Regimes -- NATIONAL INTEREST AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT REGIMES -- CASE FOR DIFFERENTIATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT REGIMES -- To Protect or Not to Protect -- Specifics of Patenting -- Levels of Enforcement -- OPEN-ECONOMY CONSIDERATIONS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS: A GLOBAL WELFARE PERSPECTIVE -- REFERENCES -- 5 Unauthorized Use of Intellectual Property: Effects on Investment, Technology Transfer, and Innovation -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. RATIONALE FOR THE PATENT SYSTEM -- III. CHANGING POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE PATENT SYSTEM: EFFECTS ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT -- IV. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: INDUSTRIALIZED VERSUS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES -- V. EFFECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION ON THE TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY VIA FOREIGN DIRE ... -- VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION AND DIRECT FOREIGN INVESTMENT -- VII. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION AND JOINT VENTURES -- VIII. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO SUBSIDIARIES -- IX. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION AND LICENSING OF TECHNOLOGY -- X. COMPARISON OF VARIOUS MEASURES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION -- XI. COMPARISONS WITH OTHER RANKINGS OF COUNTRIES -- XII. COMPARISONS WITH FINDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION -- XIII. REASONS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION IN SOME COUNTRIESIS REGARDED AS INADEQUATE -- XIV. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR INTERINDUSTRY VARIATION IN THE EVALUATION OF PROTECTION IN PARTICULAR C ... -- XV. A SIMPLE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS BASED ON COUNTRY DATA -- XVI. A MORE DISAGGREGATED STATISTICAL ANALYSIS.

XVII. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION AND COMPOSITION OF DIRECT FOREIGN INVESTMENT -- XVIII. EFFECTS OF UNAUTHORIZED USE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ON SALE SAND PROFITS OF U.S. FIRMS -- XIX. EFFECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTION ON THE RATE OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION -- XX. NEEDED RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTS OF STRONGER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION ON TECHNOLOGICAL CHA ... -- XXI. NEEDED RESEARCH ON EFFECTS OF STRONGER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ... -- XXII. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Discussion -- III National and International Approaches to Intellectual Property Rights -- Introduction -- 6 Comparative National Approaches to Intellectual Property Rights -- JAPAN -- THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY -- INDIA -- CHARACTERISTICS -- Exclusions from Patentability -- Rights Conferred -- Burden of Proof -- Compulsory Licensing -- Term of Protection -- RATIONALE -- RELEVANCE -- THE URUGUAY ROUND -- THE NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING ECONOMIES -- RECENT IPR REFORMS IN NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING ECONOMIES -- THE FORCES BEHIND IPR REFORMS IN THE NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING ECONOMIES -- FINAL REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Update on International Negotiations on Intellectual Property Rights -- GENERAL COMMENTS -- NEGOTIATIONS ON TRADE RELATED ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL PROPERTY RIGHTS1 -- Copyright and Related Rights -- Patents -- Semiconductor Layout Designs -- Trade Secrets -- Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights -- Transitional Periods Before Parties Must Adhere to the Entire TRIPS Agreement -- WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION DISCUSSIONS -- Patent Law Harmonization Treaty -- Trademark Law Harmonization Treaty -- Possible Protocol to the Berne Convention -- Settlement of Intellectual Property Disputes Between States -- Discussion.

IV Scientific and Technological Advance and Its Impact on the Role of Intellectual Property Rights -- Introduction -- 8 Trends in Global Science and Technology and What They Mean for Intellectual Property Systems -- INTRODUCTION -- THREE SELECTED TRENDS -- Trend One-More Surprises from Science -- Trend Two-Proliferation and Globalization of Research -- Trend Three-Short, Quick Steps at a Premium -- TWO GENERAL PRINCIPLES -- Principle One: Change Will Be Constant, So Keep Intellectual Property Flexible -- Principle Two: Activity Will Be Global, So Make Intellectual Property Global -- OBSERVATIONS -- As Ideology Fades, Technology Will Drive Development -- As Economies Open, Invention Will Flourish -- As Research Grows, Everyone Will Benefit -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- 9 Sectoral Views -- THE RESEARCH UNIVERSITY -- THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT -- U.S. INDUSTRY -- 10 Intellectual Property Rights and Competitive Strategy -- A MULTINATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL FIRM -- A MULTINATIONAL ELECTRONICS FIRM -- THE MEXICAN SOFTWARE INDUSTRY -- A MULTINATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS FIRM -- EVOLUTION -- THE MODERN ERA -- CONCLUSION -- Discussion -- GLOBAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS -- INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND COMPETITIVE STRATEGY -- V Adapting Intellectual Property Rights to New Technologies -- Introduction -- FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES -- EXISTING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PARADIGMS -- SUI GENERIS APPROACHES -- INTERNATIONAL ADAPTATION -- SMALL BUSINESS -- NEED FOR POLICY ANALYSIS -- ORGANIZATION OF THE SECTION -- 11 Adapting the Intellectual Property System to New Technologies -- THREE PARADIGM TECHNOLOGIES -- Biotechnology -- Special Issues -- Outline of Solutions, Thus Far -- Computer Programs -- Special Issues -- Solutions, Thus Far -- Integrated Information Networks -- Special Issues -- Adaptations, Thus Far.

EVALUATION: DOCTRINAL ISSUES -- Case Law Processes -- The Alternative: Sui Generis Approaches -- Summary -- EVALUATION: THE RIGHTS-GRANTING PROCESS -- EVALUATION: THE RIGHTS-ENFORCING PROCESS -- Judicial Enforcement -- Informal Approaches -- OVERALL IMPLICATIONS -- Ability of the System to Adapt to Increasing Innovation Rates -- Specific Doctrinal Implications of the Three Examples -- Broader Implications -- 12 A Case Study on Computer Programs -- HISTORICAL OVERVIEW -- Phase 1: The 1950s and Early 1960s -- Phase 2: Mid-1960s and 1970s -- Phase 3: The 1980s -- CURRENT LEGAL APPROACHES IN THE UNITED STATES -- What's Not Controversial -- Controversies Arising From Whelan v. Jaslow -- Traditionalist Versus Strong Protectionist View of What Copyright Law Does and Does Not Protect in C ... -- Controversy Over "Software Patents" -- Nature of Computer Programs and Exploration of a Modified Copyright Approach -- INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES -- Europe -- Japan -- Other Nations -- FUTURE CHALLENGES -- Advanced Software Systems -- Digital Media -- Networks -- Patents and Information Infrastructure of the Future -- Conflicts Between Information Haves and Have-Nots on an International Scale -- 13 Biotechnology Case Study -- 14 Semiconductor Chip Protection as a Case Study -- DEFINING THE TECHNOLOGY -- PROTECTION-SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS -- INTERNATIONALIZING PROTECTION -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 15 Optoelectronics -- PROTECTION OF PROPRIETARY INFORMATION -- PROTECTION OF PATENTS -- PROTECTION OF PROPRIETARY INFORMATION: AT&T VERSUS LYTEL -- RECOMMENDATION ON PROPRIETARY INFORMATION -- PROTECTION OF PATENTS: SPECTRA PHYSICS VERSUS COHERENT RADIATION -- RECOMMENDATION ON PATENTS -- SUMMARY -- Discussion -- VI Global Intellectual Property Rights Issues in Perspective -- Introduction.

16 Global Intellectual Property Rights Issues in Perspective: A Concluding Panel Discussion.