RESTORING DEGRADED LANDSCAPESWITH NATIVE SPECIES IN LATIN AMERICA -- ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES, REGULATIONS AND SAFETYRESTORING DEGRADED LANDSCAPES WITH NATIVE SPECIES IN LATIN AMERICA -- Contents -- Section 1 - Ecological and Silvicultural Aspects of Plantation-Based Restoration -- Can Native Tree Plantations Serve as Catalysts of Secondary Succession in Degraded Tropical Forest Landscapes? -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Regeneration in Pure and Mixed-Species Plantations of Native Trees on Abandoned Pasture at La Selva, Costa Rica -- Woody Regeneration beneath Plantations and in Control (Never Planted) Sites -- Seed Rain and Seed Dispersal -- Species Composition in the Understory of Native Plantations -- Selection of Tree Species for Catalyzing -- Forest Succession -- Influence of Plantation Species on Understory Regeneration -- Criteria for The Selection of Tree Species for Reforestation of Degraded Lands -- Use Of Native or Exotic Species as Catalysts of Forest Succession -- Farmers' Preferences and Participatory Approaches for Species Selection -- Plantation Design and Management to Encourage Natural Forest Regeneration -- Use of Mixed or Single-Species Plantations -- Plantation Density and Thinning -- Role of Tree Plantations in Controlling Invasive Species -- Integrating Plantations in the Landscape Matrix -- Who Pays for Reforestation? -- Availability of Economic Subsidies -- Pursuing Economic Goals: Using Plantations to Encourage Regeneration and Establishment of Species of Commercial Value -- Using Natural Regeneration to Perpetuate -- the Planted Forest -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Seed Sourcing Recommendations for Forest Restoration: Impacts of Tree Isolation on Progeny Performance of Cedar and Mahogany in the Neotropics -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results -- Discussion.

Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Watershed Restoration Using Native Species: Pomar Stream, Eldorado, Misiones, Argentina -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Description of the Study Site -- Mixed Native Species Plantation Experiment -- Results and Discussion -- Soil Conditions in the Experimental Area -- Tree Species Performance -- Basal Diameter and Total Height -- Survivorship and Crown Development -- General Performance of Species -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- A Comparison of Growth and Yield Among Four Native and One Exotic Tree Species in Plantations on Six Farms at Las Lajas, Chiriquí Province, Western Panama -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Study Site Description -- Experimental Design -- Data Analysis -- Results -- Discussion -- Terminalia amazonia -- Pachira quinata -- Hyeronima alchorneoides -- Swietenia macrophylla -- Tectona grandis -- Final Remarks -- Conclusion -- References -- Amelioration of Growing Conditions in Mixed Species Plantation of Terminalia amazonia and Nitrogen-Fixing Dalbergia retusa -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Species Studied -- Study Site -- Experimental Design -- Growth Measurements and Evaluation of Species Interactions -- Gas Exchange Measurements -- Data Analysis -- Results -- Growth and Mortality -- Leaf-Level Photosynthetic Characteristics -- Competition Indices -- Discussion -- Growth Characteristics between and Within Species -- Photosynthetic Characteristics between and Within Species -- Inter- and Intra-Specific Competition Indices -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Productivity, Growth, and Timber Yield of Hyeronima alchorneoides Allemao (Pilón) Plantations in Costa Rica -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Database -- Models of Dominant Height Growth -- Basal Area System -- Model of Volume Per Hectare.

Reineke Density Guides -- Results and Discussion -- Dominant Height Growth Models -- Basal Area System, Total Survival, and Volume -- Reineke Density Guide -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section 2 -Restoration of Biological Diversity in Degraded Forest Landscapes -- Living Fences as Linear Extensions of Forest Remnants: A Strategy for Restoration of Connectivity in Agricultural Landscapes -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Study Site -- Bird Observations -- Vegetation Structure -- Data Analysis -- Results -- Bird Abundance and Bird Species Diversity -- Structural Characteristics of Living Fences -- Discussion -- Bird Species Composition -- Living Fences Structure and Composition -- Living Fence Management and Landscape Restoration -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Diversity of Lepidoptera in Pure and Mixed Plantations of Eight Native Tree Species at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Site Description -- Plantation Design -- Methods -- Sampling Techniques -- Statistical Analysis -- Results -- Discussion -- Lepidoptera Abundance and Diversity -- Relationship with Understory Vegetation in the Plantations -- Implications for the Role of Reforestation on Conservation of Lepidopteran Species -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- In Vitro Seedling Production for Sustainable Use of Orchids by the Guaraní Indigenous Community in the Atlantic Interior Forests of Northeastern Argentina -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Species Description -- Plant Material and Culture Conditions -- Data Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section 3 - Social, Economic and Policy Issues in Landscape Restoration -- Community Perceptions of the Degradation and Restoration of Forest Ecosystems in Southeastern Hidalgo State, Mexico.

Abstract -- Introduction -- Concepts Underlying Participatory Forest Restoration -- Deforestation and Environmental Deterioration and Degradation -- Social Perceptions of Environmental Deterioration -- Social Participation in Environmental Issues and Its Diverse Forms -- Participatory Evaluation of Forest Dynamics -- in Hidalgo, Mexico -- Study Area -- Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Regional Workshops -- Municipal Authorities' Perceptions of Degradation -- Ongoing Restoration Activities -- Community Workshops -- Community Perceptions of Causes of Forest Degradation -- Proposed Method for Restoration Planning and the Community Perspective -- Restoration Activities -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Strategies for Cost-Effective Native Species Restoration in the Sub-Tropical Atlantic Forest of Southern Brazil -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Laws and Lending: Improving the Case for Restoration in the Atlantic Forest -- Study Area -- Restoration Strategies -- The Realities of Implementation -- Forest Cover and Biodiversity Enhancement in Existing Production Systems -- Restoration of Degraded Lands and Abandoned Pastures -- Restoring Lands with Native Tree Species Plantations -- Restoration of Degraded Forests -- Adoptability and Cost of Establishment -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Payment for Environmental Services as a Tool to Encourage the Adoption of Silvo-Pastoral Systems and Restoration of Agricultural Landscapes Dominated by Cattle in Latin America -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Study Site -- Selection of Farmers for PES -- Payment for Environmental Services -- Mechanism of Payments -- How are Payments Made? -- Monitoring Environmental Services -- Monitoring Biodiversity -- Monitoring the Socio-Economic Impacts of PES -- Results -- Land Use Changes -- Environmental Service Index (ESI) Points.

Payment for Environmental Services (PES) -- Monitoring Biodiversity -- Impact of PES on Socio-Economic Indicators -- Discussion -- Land Use Changes -- Environmental Services -- Biodiversity Monitoring and the Environmental Service Index -- Payment for Environmental Services (PES) as Tool to Induce Adoption of SPS -- Socio-Economic Impacts of PES -- Scaling Up of Project Results in the Three Countries -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Municipal Land Use Legislation and Sustainable Plantation Forestry: -- A Case Study of Southern São Paulo, Brazil -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results and Discussion -- The Complex Legal Regime of Southern São Paulo -- The Term "Sustainability" in Brazilian Environmental Law -- Industrial Plantation Forestry -- Native Plantation Forestry and Mixed Plantations -- Environmental Regulation and the Term "Sustainability" -- Recommended Regulation: Legally Mandated Forest Certification -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index.