Cover -- Half Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the AICD -- Series Foreword -- Abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 The Elusiveness of the Millennium Development Goals for Water and Sanitation -- A Timely Synthesis -- Data Sources and Methodologies -- Key Finding 1: Wide Differences in Patterns of Access to Water -- Key Finding 2: Equally Wide Differences in Patterns of Access to Sanitation -- Key Finding 3: High Costs, High Tariffs, and Regressive Subsidies -- Key Finding 4: The Stark Challenge of Financing the MDG -- Key Finding 5: Institutional Reform for Better Water Sector Performance -- A Multidimensional Snapshot of WSS in Africa -- Annex 1.1 Surveys in the AICD DHS/MICS Survey Database -- Annex 1.2 Surveys in the AICD Expenditure Survey Database -- Annex 1.3 Introducing a Country Typology -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2 Access to Safe Water: The Millennium Challenge -- The Importance of Wells and Boreholes in Water Supply -- Low Access to Piped Water… for Various Reasons -- Multiple Players in the Urban Water Market -- The Role of Wells, Boreholes, and Surface Water in the Rural Water Market -- Steep Growth of Wells and Boreholes as Sources of Water -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Access to Safe Sanitation: The Millennium Challenge -- The Predominance of On-Site and Traditional Pit Latrines -- The Sanitation Challenge across Countries -- Steep Increases in the Use of Traditional Pit Latrines -- Good Progress in a Handful of Countries -- References -- Chapter 4 Improving the Organization of the Water and Sanitation Sectors -- The Heterogeneity of the Urban Water Market -- Varied Institutional Models for Nonpiped Services in the Urban Water Market -- Many Levels of Government Players in the Rural Water Market -- Many Players with No Clear Accountability in the Sanitation Market -- Notes.

References -- Chapter 5 Urban Water Provision: The Story of African Utilities -- Access to Utility Water -- The Pace of Expansion of Utility Water Coverage -- Water Production Capacity Varies from Country to Country -- Two-Part Tariff Structures for Piped Water -- Sewerage Charges Linked to Water Bills -- Modest Water Consumption by End Users -- Substantial Water Losses in Distribution System -- Difference in Quality of Service among Country Groups -- Technical Efficiency and Effective Management of Operations -- Financial Efficiency and the Alignment of Operations and Finances -- The High Cost of Inefficiencies in Operations and Pricing -- The Role of Institutions in Improving Performance -- Annex 5.1 Utilities in the AICD WSS Database -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 6 Cost Recovery, Affordability, and Subsidies -- Average Monthly Spending on Water -- Wide Price Variations among Service Providers in the Urban Water Market -- Two-Part Tariffs and the Small Consumer -- Paying for Water: How Common? -- Recovering Operating Costs: Affordable -- The High Cost of Connecting to Water and Sanitation Services -- The Cost of Subsidizing Capital and Operating Expenses -- Poor Targeting of Utility Subsidies -- Connection Subsidies as a Viable Alternative -- Annex 6.1 Methodology for Estimating the Annual Gross Profit and the Annual Cross-Subsidy between Household Consumers and Standpipes Captured by Standpipe Operators in a City -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 7 Spending Needed to Meet Goals in Water and Sanitation -- The Challenge of Expanding Coverage -- The Unit Cost of Service Provision across Countries -- To Close the MDG Coverage Gap -- Annex 7.1 Unit Cost Matrix Model: A Methodology for Estimating Nonstandardized Unit Costs of Network Assets -- Annex 7.2 Methodology for Quantifying Rehabilitation and O&M Needs -- Notes -- References.

Chapter 8 - Bridging the Funding Gap -- Current Spending on Water and Sanitation -- Poor Budget Execution by the WSS Sector -- Even after Efficiency Savings, a Persistent Funding Gap -- Limited Scope for Raising Additional Finance -- Promising Ways to Increase Funds -- Other Ways to Reach the MDG -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 9 - Policy Options for the Water and Sanitation Sectors -- Policy Options for the Water Sector -- Policy Options for the Sanitation Sector -- Reference -- Appendix 1 Access to Water Supply and Sanitation Facilities -- Appendix 2 Institutions in the Water and Sanitation Sector -- Appendix 3 Performance Indicators of Selected Water Utilities -- Appendix 4 Tariffs -- Appendix 5 Affordability of Water and Sanitation -- Appendix 6 Funding Gap for Water Supply and Sanitation -- Index -- Back Cover.