Careers in Science and Technology: An International Perspective -- Copyright -- INVITED CONTRIBUTORS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- PREFACE -- Contents -- INTRODUCTION -- PANEL 1 MONITORING CAREER TRENDS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -- PANEL 2 ANALYZING TRENDS IN S&T CAREERS: THE LONGITUDINAL APPROACH -- PANEL 3 ANALYZING TRENDS IN S&T CAREERS: FACTORS DETERMINING CHOICE -- PANEL 4 UTILIZING POINTS OF INTERVENTION TO ENHANCE AND SUSTAIN INTEREST IN S&T CAREERS -- PANEL 5 INFLUENCING S&T CAREER TRENDS: THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS -- PART I Monitoring Career Trends in Science and Technology -- Summary of Introductory Comments -- Recent Developments in International Science and Technology Personnel Data Collection -- UNESCO'S DATA ON THE WORLD STOCK OF S&T PERSONNEL -- OECD EXPERIENCE OF MEASURING R&D PERSONNEL -- EFFORTS TO COLLECT S&T PERSONNEL DATA AT THE OECD -- THE OECD TECHNOLOGY-ECONOMY PROGRAM -- RECENT AND EXPECTED DEVELOPMENTS IN THE S&T WORKFORCE -- THE INCREASING ROLE OF WOMEN IN S&T -- DECREASING GENERAL INTEREST IN S&T STUDIES AND CAREERS -- FORECASTING THE SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR S&T PERSONNEL -- THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC S&T/R&D PROGRAMS -- THE OECD S&T MANUALS -- THE NEW S&T HUMAN RESOURCES MANUAL -- TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS -- DEFINITIONS IN TERMS OF QUALIFICATIONS OR OCCUPATION? -- SHOULD TECHNICIANS BE INCLUDED? -- WHAT DISCIPLINES SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN S&T? -- ALL SKILLED PERSONNEL OR ONLY THOSE ENGAGED IN S&T? -- DEPRECIATION OF QUALIFICATIONS -- STOCKS AND FLOWS OF S&T PERSONNEL -- SOURCES OF DATA -- S&T PERSONNEL VARIABLES OF POLICY -- FULL-TIME EQUIVALENCE VERSUS HEAD-COUNT -- COMPATIBILITY WITH INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS -- WHAT NEXT? -- The Trends in Scientific and Engineering Personnel in Japan and the Focus of Research in the Institute of Science and … -- ESTABLISHMENT OF NISTEP AND ITS TASKS.

BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM OF SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING PERSONNEL IN JAPAN -- Historical Character of Education for Scientific and Engineering Personnel -- Current Situation in Scientific and Engineering Personnel Supply -- Problems and Prospects in the Near Future in Japan -- MAIN CONTENTS AND FOCUSES OF RESEARCH CONCERNING SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING PERSONNEL IN NISTEP -- Research on Public Understanding of S&T and STS Communication -- Research on Careers and Professional Activities of Scientific and Technology Personnel -- Research on Trends of S&T Careers Through S&T Award -- Research on Choice of Field by University Applicants and Employment Trends of Science and Engineering Graduates -- Research on Science and Engineering Doctorates in Japan -- The Japanese S&T Indicator System -- CONCLUSIONS -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- Developing Data Systems on Trends in Science and Technology Careers -- WHAT DATA ARE NEEDED? -- WHAT PROBLEMS MUST BE OVERCOME IN CREATING DATA SYSTEMS? -- Problem 1: Comparability-Geographical and Temporal -- Problem 2: Specificity -- Problem 3: Periodicity -- Problem 4: Structuring the Data -- CONCLUSION: CONFRONTING THE PROBLEMS -- PART II Analyzing Trends in Science and Technology Careers: The Longitudinal Approach -- Summary of Introductory Comments -- REFERENCES -- A Demographic Approach to Studying the Process of Becoming a Scientist/Engineer -- BASIC CONCEPTS AND METHODS -- Cohort -- Career Process Redefined -- "Bathtub" Model of a Population -- STATES AND TRANSITIONS -- MARKOV PROCESS -- DATA -- RESULTS -- Distribution of Educational States -- Age Pyramid -- Sex Differences -- Exit and Entry Rates -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- Human Resources in Science and Technology and the Less Developed Countries Of Europe (EC-12) -- EDUCATIONAL POLICY.

Comments and Conclusions on Educational Issues Related to Human Capital -- EMPLOYMENT -- REGIONAL ANALYSIS AND SOCIOECONOMIC PARAMETERS -- Demographic Trends and Labor Force -- ECONOMIC INDICATORS -- Human Resources -- Disparities in Productivity and Income -- Educational Opportunities and Training Facilities -- SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT -- Measurement of Science and Technology -- Economic Resources Devoted to R&D -- Human Resources in Science and Technology -- Data on Human Resources in Less Favored Regions of EC-12 -- SOME CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THIS ANALYSIS -- SOME PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS AND COMMENTS FROM THE INQUIRY CARRIED OUT BY OUR GROUP -- NOTES -- The Longitudinal Analysis of the Selection of Careers in Science and Technology -- THE IMPORTANCE OF LONGITUDINAL MEASUREMENT -- XIE: A DEMOGRAPHIC MODEL -- MUNOZ: HUMAN RESOURCES IN LESS DEVELOPED REGIONS OF EUROPE -- THE IMPACT OF THE END OF THE COLD WAR -- WHAT DO WE NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE PROCESS? -- PART III Analyzing Trends in Science and Technology Careers: Factors Determining Choice -- Overview of Technical Papers -- BACKGROUND -- INTRODUCTION -- Factors Influencing Choice -- 1. Sociocultural Environment -- 2. Teaching of Science in Schools -- 3. The Gender Gap -- 4. The Image of Science -- 5. Career Prospects -- IMPLICATIONS -- Science And Technology Careers: Individual And Societal Factors Determining Choice -- PROLOGUE: CAREER SELECTION IN THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY REALM -- INTRODUCTION -- UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM OF CHOICE -- Factors Thought to Influence a Young Person's Decision to Select a Career in S&T: Some Survey and Analytic Data -- The Nature of the Decisionmaking Process -- Vocational Awareness and Vocational Flexibility -- Why Students with S&T "A" Levels Turn to Non-S&T Degrees -- The Effects of Perceived Ability on Choices.

Factors Affecting Female Students' Choices -- Policies to Improve S&T Literacy (and Possible Selection of S&T as a Career) -- FUTURE RESEARCH TASKS -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- Factors Behind Choice of Advanced Studies and Careers in Science and Technology: A Synthesis of Research in Science Education -- BRIEF REVIEW OF RELEVANT FACTORS -- ATTEMPTS TO PROVIDE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE -- ATTITUDES AND VALUES AFFECTING PARTICIPATION, ACHIEVEMENT, AND CHOICE OF CAREER IN SCIENCE (IEA SURVEYS) -- CAREER IMPLICATIONS OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN SCIENCE ACHIEVEMENTS AND ATTITUDES TO SCIENCE (IEA SURVEYS) -- ATTITUDES AND MOTIVATIONAL ORIENTATION (NON-IEA STUDIES) -- CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Critique of Technical Papers -- Factors Behind Choice of Advanced Studies and Careers in Science and Technology: A Synthesis of Research in Science… -- Science and Technology Careers: Individual and Societal Factors Determining Choice by Thomas Whiston, University of Sussex -- GENERAL DISCUSSION -- PART IV Utilizing Points of Intervention to Enhance and Sustain Interest in Science and Technology Careers -- Introduction to Utilizing Points of Intervention to Enhance and Sustain Interest in Science and Technology Careers -- RECRUITMENT METHODS -- RETENTION METHODS -- NOTES -- Human Development of Science and Technology in Japan: From the Classroom to the Business World -- INTRODUCTION -- Statistical Outline of Current Japanese Education -- RECENT EFFORTS AT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH -- PRE- AND IN-SERVICE TRAINING OF SCHOOL TEACHERS: GRADES 1-12 -- Current Pre-service Training: Mathematics and Science Teachers -- Upcoming Pre-service Training: Mathematics and Science Teachers -- CERTIFICATION SYSTEM OF TEACHERS OF HIGHER EDUCATION -- SCHOOL CURRICULA FOR THE PROSPECTIVE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CAREER STUDENTS.

Current and Upcoming School Intended Curricula -- School Textbooks: Mathematics and Science -- CURRICULA ACTUALLY IMPLEMENTED BY THE TEACHER -- CURRICULA ATTAINED BY THE STUDENT -- STATISTICAL TRENDS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CAREER COURSES IN RECENT YEARS (1960-1990) -- TRAINING SYSTEM IN THE BUSINESS WORLD -- HRD in Private Industry -- Historical Trends of HRD in Private Industry -- Characteristics of the Japanese Job Training System -- REFERENCES -- Trends in Science and Technology Careers: Education Through Research -- INTRODUCTION -- NEW CHALLENGES FOR SCIENCE EDUCATION IN EUROPE -- SKILL SHORTAGE IN EUROPE -- REDRESSING THE BALANCE -- WOMEN IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -- ADVANCING EUROPEAN COOPERATION -- European Science Foundation -- Research Conferences -- European Research Conferences -- Program of EUROSCO -- Other Science Programs -- The NATO Science Program -- Jacques Monod Conferences -- The CIBA Conferences -- NETWORKS -- ESF Networks -- The Human Capital and Mobility Program -- REFERENCES -- Utilizing Points of Intervention: A Critique -- CAREER EXPLORATION AND PLANNING IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS -- SCHOOL-TO-WORK TRANSITIONS -- CAREER STAGES IN THE WORK SETTING -- CONCLUSION -- PART V Influencing Science and Technology Career Trends: The Role of International Organizations -- Profiles of Participating Organizations -- ACADEMIA EUROPAEA -- COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES -- EUROPEAN SCIENCE FOUNDATION -- INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC UNIONS -- NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION -- ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT -- THIRD WORLD ACADEMY OF SCIENCES -- U.S. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION -- Appendixes -- Appendix A The Conference Program -- Appendix B Participant Roster.