Affordable Cleanup? -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- THE GDPS -- D&D COST ESTIMATES -- THE UNCERTAIN CONTEXT -- Final State of the Sites -- Disposal of Waste -- Criteria for Release of Decontaminated Materials -- The D&D Fund and Budgetary Uncertainties -- Sequence of Plant Cleanup -- Management of DUF6 -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Previous D&D Experience -- Contracting and Management -- Need for New Facilities -- Waste Management -- Regulatory Coordination -- Coordinated Planning -- Stakeholder Involvement -- Prioritized Cost and Risk Reduction -- D&D Technology Issues -- Safeguards and Security -- DUF6 -- 1 Introduction -- STUDY BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES -- THE U.S. URANIUM ENRICHMENT ENTERPRISE -- THE UNITED STATES ENRICHMENT CORPORATION -- THE D&D FUND -- THE CHALLENGES OF A D&D EFFORT -- D&D COSTS -- ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT -- REFERENCES -- 2 The GDP Sites: Process, Facilities, Inventories, and Risks -- THE GASEOUS DIFFUSION PROCESS -- SITE DESCRIPTIONS -- BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT -- CONTAMINATION -- Radiological Contamination -- Nonradioactive Contamination -- STORAGE OF DUF6 -- SITE DIFFERENCES -- RISKS SUBSEQUENT TO GDP CLOSURE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Decontamination Processes -- INTRODUCTION -- NUCLEAR CRITICALITY -- URANIUM DEPOSIT REMOVAL -- Gaseous Removal of Deposits -- Mechanical Removal -- Aqueous Spray Removal -- DECONTAMINATION OF CASCADE EQUIPMENT -- Disassembly -- Aqueous Decontamination -- DECONTAMINATION OF SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND BUILDINGS -- Radioactively Contaminated Support Systems -- Radioactively Contaminated Interior Building Surfaces -- Removal of Nonradioactive Hazardous Material -- WASTE MANAGEMENT -- CHARACTERIZATION -- Radionuclide Measurement Techniques -- Hazardous Nonradioactive Materials -- AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS -- CAPENHURST TECHNOLOGIES.

Removal of Uranium from the Capenhurst Enrichment Cascades -- Decontamination of Equipment from the Capenhurst Cascades -- Decontamination of Supporting Systems and Building Surfaces -- Waste Management -- Characterization -- General Considerations -- CIP/CUP TECHNOLOGIES -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- General -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Uranium Deposit Removal -- Conclusions -- Recommendation -- Decontamination of Cascade Equipment -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Decontamination of Support Systems and Buildings -- Conclusion -- Waste Management and Recycling -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Characterization -- Conclusions -- Recommendation -- Robotics -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- REFERENCES -- 4 Analyses of the D&D Cost Estimates for the GDPs -- PREVIOUS COST ESTIMATES -- The 1988 MMES Study -- The 1991 Ebasco and TLG Estimates -- Comparison of the Ebasco and TLG Estimates for the Five Process Buildings at the Oak Ridge GDP -- SAIC Analysis of the Ebasco Estimate for DOE -- IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR COST ELEMENTS -- TIME PROFILE OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURES FOR THE D&D FUND -- ESTIMATING U.S. GDP D&D COSTS FROM CAPENHURST D&D COSTS -- Capenhurst Plant Description -- Capenhurst Project Description -- Estimating Oak Ridge Costs by Scaling Capenhurst Costs -- THE SHIPPINGPORT REACTOR D&D PROJECT -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Previous D&D Cost Estimates -- Conclusions -- Recommendation -- Cost to D&D the GDPs -- Conclusion -- Recommendation -- Adequacy of the D&D Fund -- Conclusion -- Experience from Other D&D Projects -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 5 Planning the D&D Program -- PUBLIC AND STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT -- END-STATE ALTERNATIVES -- Prioritized Cost- and Risk-Reduction Approach -- DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED REGULATORY PROGRAM -- Federal Regulations -- DOE -- EPA -- Nuclear Regulatory Commission -- OSHA.

DOT -- USEC Effects on Regulatory Oversight -- EPA and Nuclear Regulatory Commission Development of Radiation Site Cleanup Regulation -- State Regulation -- Challenges and Current Developments -- Safeguards and Security -- Coordinated Planning -- DOE-Level Planning -- Complex-Level Planning -- D&D Organization and Staffing -- Plant Characterization Program -- Regulatory Plan -- Waste Management Plan -- Site-Level Planning -- Execution of the Planning -- Scheduling and Sequencing -- Effects of Early Plant Shutdown -- Effects of D&D Program Delay -- MANAGEMENT ISSUES -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Public and Stakeholder Involvement -- Regulatory Issues -- Planning -- Management Issues -- REFERENCES -- 6 Opportunities for D&D Cost Reduction -- PROGRAM INTEGRATION -- Management Approach -- An Alternative Management Approach -- Contracting Strategy -- Planning -- Contracting Cost -- RADIOACTIVE AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT -- Reducing Waste Quantity -- Waste Disposal Site and Unit Disposal Cost -- Waste Packaging, Transport, and Disposal -- Risk That Waste Management Costs May Be Higher -- Hazardous Waste Disposal Costs -- DECONTAMINATION AND DECOMMISSIONING -- Technology -- Decontamination Process -- Melting of Difficult-to-Decontaminate Components -- Automation and Robotics -- Building Decontamination and Removal -- Use of Historical Maintenance Cost Data -- Characterization -- SUPPORT FACILITIES -- Decontamination Facilities -- Eliminate the High-Assay Decontamination Facility -- Simplify the Low-Assay Decontamination Facility Design -- Use of Existing Buildings -- Multiple Low-Assay Decontamination Facilities versus a Single Shared Facility -- New Administration Building -- COST ESTIMATE ASSUMPTIONS -- Learning Curve -- Site Practices and Procedures -- Safeguards, Security, and Classification -- Criticality Prevention -- Surveillance and Maintenance.

Labor Agreements -- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- REFERENCES -- 7 Disposition of the DUF6 -- DUF6 INVENTORY -- USES FOR DEPLETED URANIUM -- Shielding Applications -- Use as a Fluorinating Agent -- Re-enrichment or Dilution -- DUF6 Enrichment by AVLIS -- Blending Agent -- Potential Energy Resource for Reactors -- DEPLETED URANIUM MANAGEMENT OPTIONS -- Condition of Cylinders -- Environmental, Safety, and Health Issues -- Regulatory Issues -- Continued Surveillance and Maintenance: Requirements and Costs -- Conversion Options and Costs -- Assessment of Alternative Management Options -- ANALYSIS OF COST ESTIMATES FOR CONVERSION -- OPPORTUNITIES FOR COST SAVING -- Plant Scale -- Plant Life -- Uranium Oxide Density -- HF Production and Marketing -- Use of Existing Facilities -- New Technology -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- REFERENCES -- 8 Major Recommendations -- COORDINATED PLANNING -- CONTRACTING AND MANAGEMENT -- PRIORITIZED COST AND RISK REDUCTION -- REGULATORY COORDINATION -- STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT -- WASTE MANAGEMENT -- NEED FOR NEW FACILITIES -- D&D TECHNOLOGY ISSUES -- SAFEGUARDS AND SECURITY -- DUF6 -- Appendices -- Appendix A Statement of Task -- Appendix B The Committee's Panel Structure and Panel Statement of Tasks -- Decision And Process Analysis Panel -- Technology Panel -- Cost Analysis Panel -- Appendix C Committee Meetings and Activities -- Separate Panel Meetings -- Site Visits and Symposiums Attended by Selected Members of the Committee and Staff -- Appendix D Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff -- Staff -- Board on Energy and Environmental Studies -- Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology -- Board on Radioactive Waste Management -- Appendix E Radionuclide Characterization and Detection.

Radionuclides To Be Characterized -- Radionuclide Characterization Processes -- Initial or Scoping Measurements -- Characterization During D&D -- Compliance Characterization -- Radionuclide Characterization Instrumentation -- Regulatory Requirements -- References -- Appendix F Automation and Robotics -- Commercial Systems -- Doe Programs -- References -- Appendix G Nuclear Criticality -- Production And Loss of Neutrons -- Avoiding Criticality -- Summary -- References -- Appendix H Previous Decontamination and Decommissioning Efforts -- Capenhurst Gaseous Diffusion Plant -- Description of Capenhurst Facility -- Approach -- Development Activities -- Decontamination and Disassembly -- Gaseous Decontamination to Remove UO2F2 -- Characterization -- Removal of Nonradioactive Hazardous Materials -- Equipment and Cell Structures Disassembly -- Interim Storage of Plant Components -- Size Reduction -- Chemical Decontamination -- Melting -- Ancillary Structures Removal -- Waste Treatment and Disposal -- Personnel Protection During Decommissioning -- Criticality Control -- Air Monitoring -- Similarities And Differences Between Capenhurst And The U.S. Enrichment Plants -- Quantity Comparisons Of Capenhurst And The Oak Ridge Gdp -- References -- Appendix I Waste Treatment -- Separations -- Treatment Options -- Recycling -- References -- Appendix J Review of Existing Cost Estimates -- MMES Estimate -- Ebasco Estimate -- Assumptions -- DOE-Directed Assumptions -- Ebasco Assumptions -- The Assumption of New High- and Low-Assay Decontamination Facilities -- Analysis of the Ebasco Estimate -- Comparison Of The 1988 MMES And 1991 Ebasco Studies -- TLG Cost Estimate -- Saic Review -- Sensitivity Analysis In The Cost Estimates -- Schedule And Funding Profiles -- Waste Management -- Packaging Cost -- Transportation Cost.

Local Transportation to Disposal Facilities (within 10 miles from each GDP).