Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- CLASSIFICATION AND REGULATION OF CAIS FOR TRANSPORT AND DISPOSAL -- COMMERCIAL INCINERATION -- RAPID RESPONSE SYSTEM -- Mobile Rapid Response System -- Fixed Rapid Response System -- NONINCINERATION-BASED OPTIONS -- A PATH FORWARD -- 1 Introduction -- STATEMENT OF TASK AND CONGRESSIONAL DIRECTION -- The Congressional Mandate -- Initial Interpretation and Evolution of the Task -- Report Structure -- CHEMICAL AGENTS AND CAIS -- Types of Agents Found in CAIS -- Chemical Agent Identification Sets -- Recovered CASE -- PROGRAMS FOR DISPOSING OF CAIS AND OTHER CHEMICAL WARFARE MATERIEL -- Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program -- Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Program -- Buried Chemical Warfare Materiel -- Recovered Chemical Warfare Materiel -- Binary Chemical Weapons -- Former Production Facilities -- Miscellaneous Chemical Warfare Materiel -- LEGAL AND REGULATORY CONTEXT FOR CAIS DISPOSAL -- INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES TO CAIS DISPOSAL -- CAIS AND THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION -- 2 Disposal Alternatives -- ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED -- Do Nothing -- Gather CAIS and Store Indefinitely -- Baseline Rapid Response System -- Fixed-Mode Rapid Response System -- Modified Rapid Response System -- Commercial Disposal -- Nonincineration-Based Stockpile Disposal Facilities -- ALTERNATIVES SELECTED FOR ANALYSIS -- 3 Issues to Consider -- TECHNOLOGY -- Process Reliability and Effectiveness -- Technical Maturity of the Process -- Monitoring and Disposal of Process Effluents -- LAWS AND REGULATIONS -- COSTS -- Permitting -- Facility Modifications -- Transportation -- Processing Operations -- Indirect Costs -- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, WORKER/PUBLIC SAFETY, AND RISKS -- Environmental Impacts -- Worker/Public Safety.

Risk Analysis -- PUBLIC/STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT -- PROGRAMMATIC CONSIDERATIONS -- Scheduling -- Funding -- Organizations -- 4 Review of the Commercial Incineration Option -- TECHNOLOGY -- Excerpts from the Army's Report to Congress -- Committee Evaluation of Technology -- Process Reliability and Effectiveness -- Reliability and Robustness -- Handling and Decontamination of Containers -- Technical Maturity -- Monitoring and Disposal of Process Effluents -- LAWS AND REGULATIONS -- Excerpts from the Army's Report to Congress -- Committee Evaluation of Legal and Regulatory Issues -- COSTS -- Excerpts from the Army's Report to Congress -- Committee Evaluation of Costs -- Permitting -- Transportation of CAIS to a Commercial Facility -- Packaging of CAIS Items -- Processing Operations: Facility Modifications -- Processing Operations: Direct Costs -- Processing Operations: Indirect Costs -- Processing Rates -- Recovery of Overhead and Development Costs -- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, WORKER/PUBLIC SAFETY, AND RISKS -- Excerpts from the Army's Report to Congress -- Committee Evaluation of Environmental Impact, Worker/Public Safety, and Risks -- PUBLIC/STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT -- Excerpts From the Army's Report to Congress -- Committee Evaluation of Public/Stakeholder Involvement -- Key Stakeholders -- Key Issues for Each Stakeholder Group -- Stakeholders Influence on Policy -- PROGRAMMATIC CONSIDERATIONS -- Schedule -- Funding -- Organizations -- 5 Alternatives to Commercial Incineration of CAIS -- BASELINE, MOBILE RAPID RESPONSE SYSTEM -- Technology -- Effectiveness and Reliability -- Technical Maturity -- Monitoring and Disposal of Process Effluents -- Laws and Regulations -- Costs -- Permitting -- Transportation -- Packaging -- Processing -- Indirect Costs -- Environmental Impacts, Worker/Public Safety, and Risks -- Public/Stakeholder Involvement.

Key Stakeholders -- Key Issues for Each Stakeholder Group -- Stakeholder Influence On Policy -- Programmatic Aspects -- FIXED RAPID RESPONSE SYSTEM -- Technology -- Laws and Regulations -- Costs -- Permitting -- Transportation -- Processing and Indirect Costs -- Environmental Impacts, Worker/Public Safety, and Risks -- Public/Stakeholder Involvement -- Key Stakeholders -- Key Issues for Each Stakeholder Group -- Stakeholders Influence on Policy -- Programmatic Considerations -- NONINCINERATION ALTERNATIVES -- Technology -- Process Reliability and Effectiveness -- Technical Maturity -- Monitoring and Disposal of Process Effluents -- Specific Applications of Nonincineration Processes -- Laws and Regulations -- Costs -- Environmental Impacts, Worker/Public Safety, and Risks -- Public/Stakeholder Involvement -- Programmatic Considerations -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- CLASSIFICATION AND REGULATION OF CAIS FOR TRANSPORT AND DISPOSAL -- COMMERCIAL INCINERATION -- RAPID RESPONSE SYSTEM -- Mobile Rapid Response System -- Fixed Rapid Response System -- NONINCINERATION-BASED OPTIONS -- A PATH FORWARD -- References -- Appendices -- A Biographical Sketches of Committee Members -- B Committee Meetings and Other Activities -- FIRST MEETING -- SECOND MEETING -- THIRD MEETING -- FOURTH MEETING -- SITE VISIT -- NRC Staff -- C Methods of Treating Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel -- TYPES OF NON-STOCKPILE CHEMICAL MATERIEL -- DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGIES, SYSTEMS, AND FACILITIES -- D Legal Context for CAIS Disposal -- INTRODUCTION -- Overarching Perspective on Changing the Law -- CURRENT INTERPRETATION OF CAIS -- Statutory Definitions -- Hazardous Waste Regulations -- Permit Modification Requirements -- MAXIMUM PROTECTION OF HUMAN HEALTH -- Introduction -- Overview of Risk Management -- Past Practice -- Present Practice -- LEGAL ISSUES IN CAIS RECOVERY AND DISPOSAL.

CAIS Discovery -- On-Site Storage -- Treatment in Place -- CAIS Transportation -- Off-Site Storage -- Off-Site Treatment -- Handling Issues -- REFERENCES -- Case Law -- Publications.