Handbook of Psychology -- Contents -- Handbook of Psychology Preface -- Volume Preface -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Behavioral Genetics -- Introduction -- Subjects -- Genome Projects -- Methods -- Natural Genetic Variants and Behavior -- Gene Mutations and Behavior -- Translational Knockdowns and Behavior -- Gene Expression Correlates With Behavior -- Genetics and Behavioral Taxonomy -- Male Mouse Aggression -- Mouse Emotionality -- Rat and Mouse Learning and Cognition -- Human Psychopathology -- Summary -- Genetics and Biological Mechanisms of Behavior -- Pedigree of Causes -- Mouse Olfaction -- Rodent Social Recognition -- Individual Chemosignals and Social Recognition -- Mouse Offense -- Summary -- Genotype by Genotype Interactions -- Mouse Emotionality -- Summary -- Genes, Environment, and Behavioral Development -- Rats Cognition -- Mouse Aggression -- Human Personality and Psychopathology -- Epigenetics -- Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 2 Evolutionary Psychology -- Levels Of Explanation in Evolutionary Psychology -- The Metatheory Level of Analysis -- Metatheoretical Assumptions that are Consensually Held by Evolutionary Scientists -- Natural Selection -- Adaptation -- Sexual Selection -- Inclusive Fitness Theory -- Special Metatheoretical Assumptions of Evolutionary Psychology -- Psychological Mechanisms as the Main Unit of Analysis -- Domain Specificity of Psychological Mechanisms -- The Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness -- The Middle-Level Theory Level of Analysis -- Parental Investment Theory -- Good Genes Sexual Selection Theory -- The Hypothesis Level of Analysis -- Good Genes Sexual Selection Theory: Hypotheses -- The Prediction Level of Analysis -- Good Genes Sexual Selection Theory: Predictions -- The Future of Evolutionary Psychology -- The Impact of Evolutionary Psychology -- Future Directions -- References.

Chapter 3 Comparative Vision -- Environments and Eyes -- Fundamental Features of Photic Environments -- Eyes: Basic Design Features and Evolution -- Photosensitivity -- Measuring Animal Vision -- Three Issues in Comparative Vision -- Detecting Change -- Resolving Spatial Structure -- Exploiting Chromatic Cues -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Visual Processing in the Primate Brain -- Visual Processing Basics -- Parallel Processing in Vision -- The Retina -- Photoreceptors -- Bipolar Cells -- Amacrine Cells -- Ganglion Cells -- Optic Nerve -- Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) -- Nonretinal Inputs to LGN -- Visual Areas in Primate Cerebral Cortex -- Visual Topographic Maps -- V1-Primary Visual Cortex -- V2 -- Major Cortical Visual Processing Pathways -- Ventral Pathway -- Position Tolerance -- Form Selectivity in Single Neurons -- Category Selectivity in fMRI -- Dorsal Pathway -- Middle Temporal Area (MT) -- Lateral Intraparietal Area (LIP) -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5 Comparative Audition -- Introduction -- Overview of Acoustic Stimuli and Their Transmission Through the Environment -- Auditory Function and Behavior -- Absolute Auditory Thresholds -- Masked Auditory Thresholds -- Frequency Difference Limens -- Temporal Resolution -- Localization -- Auditory Scene Analysis: From Psychoacoustics to Ethology -- Auditory Periphery -- Invertebrates -- Bony Fish -- Frogs -- Reptiles -- Birds -- Mammals -- Central Auditory Pathways -- Insects -- Fishes -- Frogs (Anurans) -- Reptiles -- Birds -- Mammals -- Summary and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 6 Auditory Processing in Primate Brains -- Introduction -- From Sound to a Neural Code: The Functions of the External, Middle, and Inner EAR -- Auditory Structures of the Brainstem: Extracting Information from the Auditory Afferents -- The Superior Colliculus.

The Auditory Thalamus: The Distribution of Auditory Information to the Neocortex -- Cortical Auditory Areas and Networks in Primates -- The First Stage of Auditory Processing in Cortex: The Auditory Core -- The Second Stage of Cortical Processing: The Auditory Belt -- Higher Levels of Auditory and Multisensory Cortical Processing: The Parabelt and Beyond -- The Role of Frontal Cortex in Auditory Processing -- The Multisensory Region of the Upper Bank of the Superior Temporal Sulcus -- Auditory Projections to Visual Cortex and Visual Activation of Auditory Cortex -- Pathways for Auditory Memory -- Speech and Language -- References -- Chapter 7 Comparative Locomotor Systems -- Introduction and History -- Understanding "The Act of Progression": Historical Aspects -- The Neural Basis of Locomotor Pattern Generation: A First Concept -- Toward a Concept of Central Control of Locomotion -- The Concept of a Central Pattern Generation (CPG) -- Construction Principles of Pattern-Generating Networks for Locomotion -- Construction Principles of Pattern-Generating Networks for Locomotion -- Reciprocal Inhibition -- Forward Excitation and Reciprocal Inhibition -- Location of Pattern-Generating Networks for Locomotion -- Sensory Signals Controlling Locomotor Activity -- Visual Regulation of Locomotion -- Proprioceptive Regulation of Locomotion -- The Proprioceptive Control of Phase Transition -- The Regulation of the Magnitude of Muscle Activity -- The Role of Exteroceptive Input -- Sources of Neuromodulators -- Effects of Neuromodulators on the Output of Locomotor Networks -- Initiation of Locomotor Activity -- Modulation of Ongoing Locomotor Activity -- Receptors Classes That Modulate Locomotion -- Constitutive Receptor Activity -- Neuromodulators Affect Cellular Properties and the Synaptic Efficacy of Network Neurons.

Alteration of Intrinsic Cellular Properties of Network Neurons -- Alteration of Synaptic Transmission Between Network Neurons -- Plasticity in Motor Systems -- Injury-Induced Plasticity of Central Pattern-Generating Networks -- Plasticity in Afferent Pathways Controlling Locomotion -- Injury-Induced Plasticity of Descending Tracts -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Neural Mechanisms of Tactile Perception -- Overview -- Peripheral Neural Mechanisms of Tactile Perception -- Cutaneous Mechanoreception -- Proprioception -- Summary of the Peripheral Afferent Inputs -- Central Mechanisms of form and Texture Perception -- Ascending and Central Pathways Related to Form and Texture Perception -- Form and Texture Perception -- Representation of Stimulus Curvature -- Processing of Spatial Form in SII Cortex -- Neural Mechanisms of Motion Perception -- Neural Mechanism of Global Shape Processing -- Flutter, Vibration, and Texture Perception With a Probe -- Mechanisms of Attention in Touch -- The Focus of Attention -- Attention Effects on Tactile Neural Responses -- Neural Coding of Selective Attention -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 9 The Biopsychology of Pain -- Introduction -- The Peripheral Nervous System -- Primary Afferent Fibers -- Inflammation and Peripheral Sensitization -- Specific Receptors and Ion Channels in Primary Afferent Fibers -- Phenotypic Changes During Chronic Pain -- The Sympathetic Nervous System -- The Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn -- Afferent Input -- Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators Released From the Central Terminals of Primary Afferent Fibers -- Excitatory Amino Acids -- Purines -- Neurotrophins -- Second Messengers -- Dorsal Horn Neurons -- Interneurons -- Dorsal Horn Nonneuronal Cells -- Spinal Control of Pain -- Central Sensitization -- Phenotype Changes During Chronic Pain -- The Brain and Brainstem.

Cerebral Mechanisms of Pain -- Chronic Pain -- Endogenous Control of Pain -- Brainstem -- Brain -- Future Directions in Pain Control -- References -- Chapter 10 Taste and Olfaction -- Introduction -- Taste -- Taste Stimuli -- A Word About Psychophysics -- Transduction of Taste Stimuli -- Anatomy of the Taste System -- Physiology of Taste -- Theories of Taste Coding -- Conclusions -- Olfaction -- Overview -- Processing of Odorant Stimuli -- Conclusion -- Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 11 Food and Fluid Intake -- Introduction -- Food Intake and Energy Balance -- Metabolic Signals and Their Mediation -- Hypothalamic Systems Involved in Food Intake -- The Role of Reward in Food Intake Control -- Satiety Signaling -- Peripheral Peptide Satiety Signaling -- Interactions Among Control Systems -- Summary -- Water Intake and Fluid Balance -- Osmotic and Hypovolemic Signals That Stimulate Water Intake -- Cellular Dehydration and Brain Osmosensors -- Circumventricular Organs and Hypovolemic Water Intake -- Satiety Signals for Water Intake -- Interactions Among Other Control Systems -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 12 Sexual Behavior -- Why Sex? -- Sex Differentiation -- Fish and Reptiles -- Birds -- Mammals -- Patterns of Sexual Behavior in Mammals -- Female Reproductive Cycles -- Copulatory Patterns Common Across Mammalian Species -- Testing Paradigms -- Tests of Sexual Motivation -- Tests of Female Attractivity, Proceptivity, and Receptivity -- Tests of Male Copulatory Behavior -- Tests of Penile Function -- The Urethrogenital Reflex -- Principles of Hormonal Action -- Genomic Effects -- Rapid, Nongenomic Effects -- Activation of Female Sexual Behavior by Gonadal Hormones -- Dependence of Most Nonprimate Species on Steroid Hormones -- Increased Likelihood of Copulation by Periovulatory Female Primates -- Hormonal Control of Sensory Processes.

Systemically Administered Drugs Affect Female Sexual Behavior.