ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1. The Dilemma: Conflicts Between Human Rights Protection and Political Goals in Peace Settlements -- 2. Peace and Human Rights in International Law -- 2.1. The Scope and Status of the Prohibition Against the Use of Force -- 2.2. Human Rights in the UN Charter -- 2.3. Human Rights in Emergencies and War -- 3. The Dayton Peace Agreement and the Prohibition Against Ethnic Discrimination -- 3.1. Background -- 3.2. The General Framework Agreement (GFA) -- 3.3. Non-discrimination Rules in the Dayton Peace Agreement -- 3.4. Constitutional Discrimination in the Dayton Peace Agreement? -- 3.5. Contradictory Rules within the Dayton Peace Agreement? -- 3.6. Can Non-compliance with Human Rights be Justified? -- 4. The Structure and Content of the Book: An Overview -- 4.1. Author's Background -- CHAPTER 2. METHODOLOGY -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Traditional Sources and Methods of International Law -- 1.2. A Contemporary Approach to Sources of International Law -- 1.3. The Sources and Methods Used Here -- 1.4. Subjects of International Law -- 1.5. Positivism and Natural Law -- 1.6. A Legal Positivist Approach -- CHAPTER 3. THE DAYTON PEACE AGREEMENT - BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historic Context -- 3. The Possible "Processing" of Peace Agreements in the UN System of Collective Security -- 3.1. The Legitimate Means to Prevent or Terminate the Use of Force -- 4. The System of Collective Security and the Dayton Peace Agreement -- 4.1. The International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia (ICFY) -- 4.2. The UN Protection Force (UNPROFOR) -- 4.3. Arms Embargo -- 4.4. Economic Sanctions -- 4.5. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) -- 4.6. The Security Council and the Dayton Peace Agreement.

4.6.1. The Role of the Security Council vis-à-vis Possible Human Rights Problems in the Dayton Peace Agreement -- 5. Earlier Peace Proposals -- 5.1. The Carrington Conference -- 5.2. The Cutiliero Principles -- 5.3. The International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia -- 5.3.1. The Vance-Owen Peace Plan -- 5.3.2. The Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan -- 5.4. The European Union Plan -- 5.5. The Washington Agreement -- 5.6. The Contact Group for the Former Yugoslavia -- 5.7. Increased US Leadership -- 5.8. The Agreed Basic Principles -- 6. The Dayton Setting -- 6.1. The Lack of a Role for the UN -- 7. The Peace Implementation Conference and Council (PIC) -- 8. Concluding Comments -- CHAPTER 4. THE GENERAL FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT FOR PEACE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The General Framework Agreement (GFA) -- 2.1. The Parties -- 2.2. The Content -- 2.3. The Annexes to the GFA -- 2.3.1. Parties to the Annexes -- 3. The Status of the Dayton Peace Agreement -- 4. Overview of the BH Constitution -- 4.1. Legal Continuity of the State -- 4.2. Two Entities -- 4.3. The Citizenship Issues -- 4.4. Human Rights and Refugees -- 4.5. Distribution of Governmental Powers -- 4.6. Entity Responsibility -- 4.7. The Parliamentary Assembly -- 4.8. The Presidency -- 4.8.1. The "Dayton Mistake" -- 4.9. The Council of Ministers -- 4.10. The Constitutional Court -- 4.11. The Relationship to the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) -- 4.12. Amendment Procedure -- 4.13. Entry into Force -- 5. Overview over the Human Rights Annex (Annex 6) -- 5.1. The Office of the Human Rights Ombudsman -- 5.2. The Human Rights Chamber -- 6. Concluding Comments -- CHAPTER 5. PROTECTION AGAINST ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Human Rights in Previous Peace Proposals.

3. Structure of the Human Rights Protection in the Dayton Peace Agreement -- 3.1. Article II of the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 3.2. Agreement on Human Rights -- 4. Article II (2): Direct Application and Priority of the ECHR and Protocols -- 4.1. Interpretation of the Term "All Other Law" -- 4.2. The Relationship between ECHR and Potentially "Higher Standards" in Other Instruments -- 4.3. Which Protocols are Covered? -- 4.4. Non-discrimination Protection in the ECHR -- 4.5. Discrimination in the Exercise of Political Rights under the ECHR and Article 3 of Protocol 1 -- 5. Article II (4): Non-discrimination in other Instruments -- 5.1. Non-discrimination in the Human Rights Agreement -- 5.2. ICCPR -- 5.2.1. Accessory Non-discrimination Clause -- 5.2.2. General Non-discrimination Clause -- 5.2.3. Political Rights in the ICCPR -- 5.3. ICERD -- 5.3.1. Definition of Racial Discrimination -- 5.3.2. The Rights Catalogue -- 5.3.3. Political Rights in ICERD -- 5.4. Other Instruments Applicable in Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 5.5. The Non-discrimination Grounds -- 5.5.1. Race -- 5.5.2. Colour -- 5.5.3. Language -- 5.5.4. Religion -- 5.5.5. National Origin -- 5.5.6. Ethnic Origin and Descent -- 5.5.7. Association with a National Minority -- 5.5.8. Other Status -- 5.6. The Human Rights Chamber and the Non-discrimination Criteria -- 5.7. Concluding Comments -- 6. Peremptory Norms of General International Law -- 6.1. Background -- 6.2. The Jus Cogens Requirements -- 6.2.1. Prohibition Against Ethnic Discrimination as a Jus Cogens Rule? -- 6.3. Concluding Comments -- CHAPTER 6. ETHNIC DIFFERENTIATION RULES IN THE BH CONSTITUTION -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Constituent Peoples -- 2.1. The "Constituent Peoples" Decision from the BH Constitutional Court -- 2.2. The Decision on Amendment of the Entity Constitutions by the High Representative.

3. The House of Peoples and the House of Representatives -- 3.1. The Parliaments of the Entities and the Selection Process -- 3.1.1. Constitutional Discrimination of Serbs? -- 3.2. Competencies of the Parliamentary Assembly -- 3.2.1. The Decision Making Process -- 3.2.2. "Ethnic Veto" on Parliamentary Decisions -- 4. The Presidency -- 4.1. Competencies of the Presidency -- 4.2. The Decision-making Process -- 5. Consequences of the Constitutional Provisions on Ethnicity -- 5.1. Exclusion of "Others" -- 5.2. Exclusion of Constituent Peoples in the "Wrong" Entity -- 6. Concluding Comments -- CHAPTER 7. THE SCOPE OF CONFLICT BETWEEN THE NON-DISCRIMINATION RULES AND THE RULES AUTHORISING ETHNIC DIFFERENTIATION -- 1. Introduction -- 2. ECHR: Article 3 of Protocol 1 -- 2.1. The Second Chamber -- 2.2. The Exclusion Criteria -- 3. ICCPR: Article 25 -- 3.1. The Right to Take Part in the Conduct of Public Affairs -- 3.2. The Right to Vote and to Stand for Election -- 3.2.1. The Parliamentary Assembly -- 3.2.2. The Presidency -- 3.3. ICERD Article 5 -- 4. Derogation -- 5. Concluding Comments -- CHAPTER 8. POSSIBLE JUSTIFICATIONS FOR ETHNIC DIFFERENTIATION IN EMERGENCIES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Derogation -- 2.1. State of Emergency -- 2.1.1. Was there a State of Emergency in Bosnia and Herzegovina? -- 2.2. Were the Ethnic Requirements Measures? -- 2.3. Which Rights May Not Be Derogated from? -- 2.4. Discriminatory Measures -- 2.4.1. Ethnic Discrimination and Derogation in the ICCPR -- 2.4.2. Ethnic Discrimination and Derogation in the ECHR -- 2.4.3. The Non-discrimination Criteria -- 2.4.4. The Term Solely -- 2.5. The Consistency Requirement -- 2.5.1. A Customary Right to Derogation? -- 2.6. Strictly Required by the Exigencies of the Situation -- 3. Necessity -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Customary Human Rights Obligations -- 3.3. Customary Basis for Necessity.

3.4. Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness in the Draft Articles on State Responsibility -- 3.5. Article 25 of the Draft Articles on State Responsibility -- 3.5.1. The Balancing Requirement -- 3.5.2. The Time Aspect -- 4. Concluding Comments -- CHAPTER 9. POSSIBLE WAYS OF ADDRESSING ETHNIC DIFFERENTIATION -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Priority Rule -- 2.1. Constitutional Amendment by the Parliamentary Assembly -- 2.2. Judgement by the Constitutional Court -- 2.3. Judgement by the Human Rights Chamber -- 2.4. Decision by the High Representative -- 2.5. New Negotiations by the Parties to the Dayton Peace Agreement -- 2.6. Decision by the European Court of Human Rights -- 2.7. The Human Rights Committee -- 3. Concluding Comments -- CHAPTER 10. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- TABLE OF CASES -- ANNEX I -- ANNEX II -- INDEX.