Acknowledgements -- Table of Cases -- Table of Treaties and other International Instruments -- Introduction -- Background -- Research Design -- Structure -- Chapter 1 Understanding Trafficking -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Historical Background -- 1.3 Early Views on Trafficking -- 1.4 Contemporary Views on Trafficking -- 1.4.1 Preliminary Consideration -- 1.4.2 Trafficking and Migration -- 1.4.2.1 Illegal Migration -- 1.4.2.2 Coercion and Lack of Consent -- 1.4.3 Trafficking and Gender -- 1.4.4 Trafficking and Organised Crime -- 1.4.5 Trafficking and Human Rights -- 1.5 Conclusion -- Chapter 2 National Case Studies on Trafficking of Human Beings in Thailand, Poland, and the United Kingdom -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Scale of Trafficking in Thailand, Poland, and the United Kingdom -- 2.2.1 Statistical Overview -- 2.2.2 Major Causes of Trafficking -- 2.2.3 Profile of Traffickers -- 2.3 National Case Study: Thailand -- 2.3.1 National Laws and Policies -- 2.3.2 Enforcement -- 2.3.2.1 Relevant Agencies and Statistical Information -- 2.3.2.2 Analysis of Law Enforcement -- 2.3.3 Victim Protection Measures -- 2.3.4 NGOs Working on Trafficking in Thailand -- 2.4 National Case Study: Poland -- 2.4.1 National Laws and Policies -- 2.4.2 Enforcement -- 2.4.2.1 Relevant Agencies and Statistical Information -- 2.4.2.2 Analysis of Law Enforcement -- 2.4.3 Victim Protection Measures -- 2.4.4 NGOs Working on Trafficking in Poland -- 2.5 National Case Study: United Kingdom -- 2.5.1 National Laws and Policies -- 2.5.2 Enforcement -- 2.5.2.1 Relevant Agencies and Statistical Information -- 2.5.2.2 Analysis of Law Enforcement -- 2.5.3 Victim Protection Measures -- 2.5.4 NGOs Working on Trafficking in the United Kingdom -- 2.6 Comparative Analysis -- 2.6.1 National Laws and Policies -- 2.6.2 Law Enforcement -- 2.6.3 Protection of Victims -- 2.6.4 NGOs -- 2.7 Conclusion.

Chapter 3 The Role of Inter-Governmental Organisations in relation to Trafficking of Human Beings -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 European Union (EU) -- 3.2.1 Policies and Programmes under Maastricht Treaty -- 3.2.2 Policies and Programmes under Treaty of Amsterdam -- 3.2.3 Analysis of EU Actions against Trafficking -- 3.2.3.1 Legal Nature of Measures Taken by the EU -- 3.2.3.2 Restrictive Immigration Laws and Policies -- 3.2.3.3 Failure to Protect Victims of Trafficking -- 3.2.4 A Need for a Holistic Approach -- 3.3 International IGOs: UNIAP, IOM and ILO -- 3.3.1 United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Trafficking (UNIAP) -- 3.3.2 International Organisation for Migration (IOM) -- 3.3.3 International Labour Organisation (ILO) -- 3.3.4 Analysis of UNIAP, IOM and ILO -- 3.4 Conclusion -- Chapter 4 Trafficking of Human Beings as a Human Rights Abuse: Obligations and Accountability of Non-State Actors -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Human Rights Analysis of Trafficking -- 4.2.1 Causes of Trafficking -- 4.2.2 Process of Trafficking -- 4.2.3 Consequences of Trafficking -- 4.3 Obligations and Accountability of Non-State Actors -- 4.3.1 Development under International Human Rights Law -- 4.3.2 Indirect Enforcement of Human Rights Norms and Principles: Criminal and Civil Proceedings -- 4.3.3 Individual Criminal Responsibility: Trafficking as a Crime against Humanity -- 4.3.3.1 Definition of Crime Against Humanity -- 4.3.3.2 Some Implications for the International Legal System -- 4.4 Conclusion -- Chapter 5 Trafficking of Human Beings as a Human Rights Violation: Obligations and Accountability of States -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Obligations and Accountability of States -- 5.2.1 Obligation to Prohibit Trafficking of Human Beings and Related Acts -- 5.2.2 Obligation to Investigate, Prosecute and Punish Traffickers -- 5.2.3 Obligation to Protect Victims of Trafficking.

5.2.4 Obligation to Address the Causes and Consequences of Trafficking -- 5.3 Human Rights Framework and Trafficking Protocol -- 5.4 Interaction among Different Branches of International Law -- 5.5 Towards Global Governance? -- 5.6 Conclusion -- Conclusion -- Recommendations -- Wider Issues and Future Research -- Annex 1 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime -- Annex 2 Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime -- Annex 3 Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking -- Selected Bibliography -- Index.