Preface -- Contents -- List of abbreviations -- Executive summary -- 1. Introduction: Objectives, scope and structure of the report -- 2. Child labour and social protection: International standards, concepts and policy frameworks -- Child labour standards -- Action against child labour -- Social protection: A growing focus in development -- The ILO Social Security Strategy -- Child-sensitive social protection -- 3. Child labour and economic vulnerability: Poverty and shocks as determinants of child labour -- Introduction -- The many causes of child labour -- Child labour and economic vulnerability: The theory -- Child labour and economic vulnerability: The evidence -- Conclusion -- 4. Social protection as a policy response to child labour: A review of evidence from impact evaluations -- Introduction -- Transfer programmes directed at families with children -- Public employment programmes -- Social health protection -- Social protection for people with disabilities -- Income security in old age -- Unemployment protection -- Conclusion -- 5. Looking forward: Mainstreaming child labour concerns into child-sensitive social security systems -- 1. Building an adequate evidence base to guide and inform policy -- 2. Taking an integrated, systems approach to addressing household vulnerabilities and child labour -- 3. Building social protection floors -- 4. Ensuring that social security systems are "child-sensitive" -- 5. Mainstreaming child-sensitive design elements into social security systems -- 6. Reaching out to especially vulnerable groups of children -- 7. Strengthening national legal frameworks and institutional capacities -- References -- Annex -- Tables -- Table 3.1. Summary of studies estimating the effect of household/income consumption on child labour -- Table 3.2. Characteristics of country studies on the impact of shocks on child labour.

Table 4.1. Social protection instruments for tackling child labour: Summary of the evidence to date -- Figures -- Figure 2.1. The ILO Social Security Strategy: A two-dimensional approach -- Figure 3.1. Child labour is more common in poorer countries -- Figure 3.2. Key determinants of child labour and schooling and policy pillars to address them -- Figure 3.3. Changes in children's employment and GDP growth -- Figure 3.3. Changes in children's employment and GDP growth (continued) -- Figure 3.4. Child labour militates against decent work prospects over the life cycle -- Figure 3.5. Child labour is much more common in poor households -- Figure 3.6. Child labour in Venezuela rose dramatically during the economic crisis of 2002-03 -- Figure 3.7. Both individual and collective shocks are common in Guatemala -- Figure 4.1. Ecuador's Bono de Desarrollo Humano programme reduced child labour -- Figure 4.2. Malawi's Social Cash Transfer Scheme prompted a shift towards family-based forms of child labour -- Figure 4.3. The impact of Mexico's Oportunidades programme varied considerably by children'sage, sex and place of residence -- Figure 4.4. Conditional cash transfer programmes lower child labour, although the impact varies greatly from one programme and location to the next -- Figure 4.5. The limited evidence on the impact of conditional in-kind transfers is less conclusive -- Figure 4.6. The Public Safety Net public works programme in Ethiopia did not consistently lower child labour -- Figure 4.7. Out-of-pocket costs account for over half of total health expenditures in low-income countries -- Figure 4.8. An antiretroviral treatment programme in Kenya reduced child labour among boys -- Figure 4.9. Multidimensional poverty is much higher among families with disabled members inthe developing world.

Figure 4.10. Public pension coverage remains very limited in low-income countries -- Figure 4.11. Many children in the developing world live in multigenerational households -- Figure 4.12. The South Africa old-age pension programme lowered time spent in child labour -- Figure 5.1. Elements of an integrated social protection system for addressing child labour -- Boxes -- Box 2.1. Principles of child-sensitive social protection -- Box 3.1. The global economic crisis and child labour -- Box 3.2. Social protection for migrant children -- Box 4.1. Conditional versus unconditional cash transfers -- Box 4.2. ILO measures for addressing the worst forms of child labour: The Converging Against Child Labour project in India -- Box 5.1. Key principles in establishing national social protection floors according to ILO Recommendation No. 202.