Contents -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- Executive summary -- Introduction Context, objectives, scope and structure of the report -- Part I. Monitoring the state of social security coverage -- 1. Definitions, standards and concepts -- 1.1 Basic definitions -- 1.2 The scope of social security as defined by ILO standards and by other international organizations -- 1.3 Coverage concepts and measurements -- 2. Scope of social security coverage around the world: Context and overview -- 2.1 The labour market context -- 2.2 Scope of comprehensive coverage by statutory schemes -- 2.3 Effective comprehensive population coverage -- 3. Social health protection coverage -- 3.1 Definition and measurement of social health protection -- 3.2 Financing health care -- 3.3 Gaps in health-care coverage and access deficits -- 4. Coverage by social security pensions: Income security in old age -- 4.1 From legal to effective coverage by old-age pensions: An overview -- 4.2 Coverage gaps and employment status of the elderly -- 4.3 Effective extent and level of coverage at the country level -- 5. Income support to the unemployed -- 5.1 Scope of coverage by statutory unemployment schemes -- 5.2 Effective extent and level of coverage -- 6. Coverage by other branches of social security -- 6.1 Employment injury -- 6.2 Maternity protection -- 7. Minimum income support and other social assistance -- 8. Investments in social security: Amounts, results and efficiency -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Resources allocated to the financing of social security across the world -- 8.3 Measuring effectiveness and efficiency of investments in social security: An overview of approaches in selected international organizations -- 8.3.1 Monitoring social protection in the European Union -- 8.3.2 Monitoring social protection in the OECD -- 8.3.3 The Asian Development Bank Social Protection Index.

9. Identifying factors for extended social security coverage -- Part II. Thematic focus: Social security in times of crisis -- 10. Responding to economic crisis with social security -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Cushioning the impacts of unemployment while protecting and creating jobs -- 10.3 The expansion of social security as a crisis response -- 10.4 Consolidating social expenditure: Short-term versus long-term concerns -- 10.5 Impact of the crisis on pension funding: The need to revisit recent pension reforms -- 10.6 Impact of the crisis on social health protection financing -- Conclusion. Closing the coverage gaps and building social security for all -- Bibliography -- Statistical Annex -- Part A. The demographic, economic and labour market environment -- Part B. Social security coverage and expenditure -- Tables -- 2.1 Employees (wage and salary workers) in the labour market worldwide, 2008 -- 4.1 Participation in the labour market of elderly (65+), and life expectancy at age 65, 1980-2005 -- 4.2 Projected elderly population in 2010 and 2050 -- 5.1 Unemployment protection: Extent of legal and effective coverage, countries grouped by income level, latest available year -- 8.1 Social security expenditure by region and globally, latest available year -- 8.2 Social security expenditure by income level and globally, latest available year -- 8.3 Structure of social security receipts by type and sector of origin, 27 EU Member States, 2007 -- 8.4 Eff ectiveness and efficiency of social security cash transfers received by households, and taxes paid by households, 22 OECD countries, mid-2000 -- 8.5 Concentration coeffi cients of benefits in different branches of social security, 27 OECD countries, mid-2000 -- 9.1 Legal provision, resources committed and coverage achieved in 146 countries: A typology.

10.1 Unemployment schemes in different country groups by income level, 2009 -- 10.2 Crisis response: Extending coverage and raising benefits, selected countries, 2008-09 -- 10.3 Crisis response: Reductions in contributions, selected countries, 2008-09 -- Figures -- Figure S.1 Social security expenditure by income level and branch, weighted by population, latest available year (percentage of GDP) -- Figure 2.1 Employees (wage and salary workers) in total employment worldwide, latest available year (percentages) -- Figure 2.2 Latin America: Social protection coverage among employees according to type of contract, 2005 -- Figure 2.3 Countries grouped by level of vulnerability, poverty and informality combined, latest available year -- Figure 2.4 Branches of social security: Number covered by a statutory social security programme, 2008-09 -- Figure 2.5 Date of the first law adopted for each contingency, countries grouped by Human Development Index (HDI), latest available year -- Figure 2.6 Branches of social security: Countries with statutory programmes or limited provision, latest available year (percentages) -- Figure 3.1 WHO: Towards universal health coverage -- Figure 3.2 Health-care financing: Total and public per capita expenditure by national income level of countries, 2007 -- Figure 3.3 Health-care financing levels and sources of funds, 2006 (percentage of GDP) -- Figure 3.4 Vulnerability of countries and sources of funds: Public and private health expenditure and composition of health expenditure by level of vulnerability at the country level, 2006 (percentage of GDP) -- Figure 3.5 Share of out-of-pocket expenditure as a percentage of total health expenditure by level of country vulnerability, latest available year.

Figure 3.6 Out-of-pocket expenditure as a percentage of total health expenditure by poverty incidence, 2006 (percentage of people living on less than US2 PPP per day) -- Figure 3.7 Health protection: Proportion of the population covered by law, latest available year (percentages) -- Figure 3.8 Defi cits in legal health protection coverage by vulnerability at the country level, latest available year (percentage of population not covered) -- Figure 3.9 ILO access deficit indicator, 2006 (shortfall of skilled medical professionals as a proxy) -- Figure 3.10 Th e global deficit in social health protection coverage and eff ective access to health services in 2006 (ILO methodology) -- Figure 4.1 Old-age pensions: Legal coverage and eff ective active contributorsin the working-age population, by region, 2008-09 (percentages) -- Figure 4.2 Old-age pension beneficiaries as a proportion of the elderly by income level, various countries, latest available year -- Figure 4.3 Old-age pension beneficiaries as a percentage of the population above retirement age, latest available year -- Figure 4.4 Old-age pensions: Effective active contributors as a percentageof the working-age population by the share of wage employment in total employment, latest available year (percentage of working age population) -- Figure 4.5 Persons above retirement age receiving pensions, and labour force participation of the population aged 65 and over, latest available year (percentages) -- Figure 4.6 European Union: Old-age pension recipients, ratio to population over the legal retirement age (excluding anticipated old-age pensions), 2006 -- Figure 4.7 Africa: Old-age pensioners (all ages) as a proportion of the elderly population, latest available year (percentages).

Figure 4.8 Asia Pacific and the Middle East: Old-age pensioners (all ages) as a proportion of the elderly population, latest available year (percentages) -- Figure 4.9 Latin America and the Caribbean: Old-age pensioners (all ages) as a proportion of the elderly population, latest available year (percentages) -- Figure 4.10 Male and female old-age pensioners (all ages) as a proportion of male and female populations respectively, aged 60 and over, latest available year (percentages) -- Figure 5.1 Existence of unemployment protection schemes by type of scheme,2008-09 -- Figure 5.2 Unemployment protection schemes by type of scheme, 2008-09 -- Figure 5.3 Unemployment protection schemes: Legal extent of coverage worldwide as a percentage of the economically active population (EAP), latest available year -- Figure 5.4 Unemployment protection schemes: Legal extent of coverage, regional estimates, as a percentage of the economically active population (EAP), latest available year -- Figure 5.5 Unemployment: Eff ective coverage worldwide - unemployedwho actually receive benefi ts, latest available year (percentages) -- Figure 5.6 Unemployment: Effective coverage, regional estimates - unemployed who actually receive benefits, latest available year (percentages) -- Figure 5.7 Unemployed receiving unemployment benefits, selected countries, latest available year (percentage of total unemployed) -- Figure 6.1 Types of scheme providing protection in case of employment injury, by region, 2008-09 (multiple responses) -- Figure 6.2 Extent of legal coverage by employment injury scheme, 2008-09 -- Figure 6.3 Active contributors or protected persons as a percentage of working-age population and employment, latest available year -- Figure 6.4 Inequities in access to maternal health services in rural and urban areas, latest available year (percentage of live births).

Figure 6.5 Inequities in access to maternal health services by wealth quintile by national income level of countries, latest available year.