Marine Aquaculture -- Copyright -- Preface -- BACKGROUND -- SCOPE OF THE STUDY -- STUDY METHOD -- ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Advances in Technology and Engineering-A Marine Aquaculture Initiative -- Federal Agency Actions -- U.S. Department of Agriculture -- Joint Subcommittee on Aquaculture -- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service -- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service -- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Sea Grant College Program -- Congressional Action -- Completion of the Federal Policy Framework for Marine Aquaculture -- Revision of Laws That Impede the Development of Marine Aquaculture -- Creation of a Congressional Committee or Subcommittee on Aquaculture -- CONCLUSION -- NOTE -- 1 Introduction -- WORLD/U.S. AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION -- THE NATIONAL INTEREST IN MARINE AQUACULTURE -- PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTS -- REFERENCES -- 2 Status of Aquaculture -- AN OVERVIEW OF AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES WORLDWIDE -- STATUS OF U.S. MARINE AQUACULTURE -- Mollusks -- Oysters -- Clams -- Scallops -- Mussels -- Crustaceans -- Shrimp -- Shellfish Opportunities -- Finfish -- Salmon -- Red Drum -- Other Marine Finfish -- Algae -- Macroscopic Algae (Seaweeds) -- Unicellular Algae (Phytoplankton) -- MARINE FISHERIES ENHANCEMENT -- ECONOMIC ISSUES -- Regulatory-Permitting Costs -- Capital Costs -- Operating Costs -- Marketing Factors -- Foreign Competition and Trade -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 3 Policy Issues -- THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND MARINE AQUACULTURE -- The ''Aquaculture" Side of Marine Aquaculture: The Federal Government as Promoter -- Federal Legislation to Promote Aquaculture -- Current Federal Activities to Promote Marine Aquaculture -- Summary: Status of Federal Promotional Policy.

The "Marine" Side of Marine Aquaculture: The Federal Role in Planning and Regulating Coastal Commons -- Ocean and Coastal Zone Legislation -- Assessment of Ocean and Coastal Policies -- International and Interstate Trade Policies -- International Trade Issues -- Interstate Trade Issues -- Economic Policies -- Consumer Policies -- FISHERIES ENHANCEMENT CONCERNS AND POLICY ISSUES -- THE STATES AND MARINE AQUACULTURE -- Assessment of State Policies -- MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR MARINE AQUACULTURE -- Coastal Zone Management Act -- Management of Offshore Activities -- SUMMARY OF POLICY ISSUES AND OPTIONS -- Lack of National Leadership/Insufficient Promotion Efforts -- Lack of a Solid Place in Coastal and Ocean Management Framework -- Position of U.S.-Owned Operations Internationally and Foreign Ownership of Enterprises in the United States -- Diversity of State Regulations -- Fisheries Enhancement -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 4 Environmental Issues -- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MARINE AQUACULTURE -- Introduction -- Aquatic Plants -- Shellfish -- Shrimp -- Finfish -- Impacts From Waste -- Water Quality -- Plankton -- Benthos -- Regulation of Discharges -- The Clean Water Act -- Managing Wastes and Effluents -- Impacts From Introduction of Nonindigenous Species -- Genetic Impacts -- Disease Transfer -- Regulation of Fish Movement -- Impacts of Feed Additives -- ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS OF MARINE AQUACULTURE -- Mollusks -- Finfish and Shrimp -- RESOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Engineering and Research -- ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN ADDRESSING MAJOR CONSTRAINTS -- Economic Feasibility -- Marketing and Product Information -- Institutional and Regulatory Issues -- Environmental Issues -- Socioeconomic Issues -- INTERDISCIPLINARY SYSTEMS DESIGN -- Auxiliary Systems for Fish Culture -- Hatchery Systems -- Feed and Feeding Systems.

Waste Treatment Systems -- Sensors and Monitoring Systems -- Expert Systems -- Production Grow-out Systems -- Nearshore Systems -- Onshore Systems -- Offshore Systems -- Harvest and Postharvest Technology -- Harvest -- Preprocessing -- Processing and Packaging -- Transport to Market -- OTHER RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING OPPORTUNITIES -- Marine Fisheries Enhancement -- Broodstock Domestication -- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering -- Production of Improved Strains -- Disease Assessment and Treatment -- Disease Diagnosis -- Therapeutics -- SUMMARY -- NOTE -- REFERENCES -- 6 Information Exchange, Technology Transfer, and Education -- OVERVIEW -- INFORMATION EXCHANGE -- TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER -- EDUCATION -- MARINE AQUACULTURE TECHNOLOGY CENTERS -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Advances in Technology and Engineering-A Marine Aquaculture Initiative -- Federal Agency Responsibilities and Actions -- U.S. Department of Agriculture -- Joint Subcommittee on Aquaculture -- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service -- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service -- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Sea Grant College Program -- Congressional Action -- Completion of Federal Policy Framework for Marine Aquaculture -- Revision of Laws That Impede Development of Marine Aquaculture -- Creation of a Congressional Committee or Subcommittee on Aquaculture -- CONCLUSION -- Bibliography -- Appendix A Review of World Aquaculture -- MAJOR WORLD AQUACULTURE PRODUCTS -- Finfish Culture -- Crustacean Culture -- Mollusk Culture -- Seaweed Culture -- Economics of World Aquaculture -- MARINE AQUACULTURE PRACTICES AND POLICIES -- ROLE OF GOVERNMENT -- STATUS OF MARINE AQUACULTURE BY REGION -- Asia -- Northern Europe -- Central and Southern Europe -- Canada -- Shellfish.

Finfish -- Salmon -- Latin America -- INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS -- Issues of Concern -- EXAMPLES OF AQUACULTURE POLICY IN OTHER NATIONS -- Canada -- Status -- Regulations -- Norway -- Status -- Legislation -- Implications for the United States -- The United Kingdom -- Status -- Legislation -- Planning -- Financial Assistance -- Outlook -- Implications for the United States -- REFERENCES -- Appendix B Freshwater Aquaculture in the United States -- OVERVIEW OF PRODUCTION -- Catfish -- Crayfish -- Trout/Salmon -- Bait and Ornamental Fish -- Alligators -- Hybrid Striped Bass -- Tilapia -- Macrobrachium -- Sturgeon -- REFERENCES -- Appendix C Federal Marine Aquaculture Policy -- UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE -- USDA Regional Aquaculture Centers -- NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION -- National Marine Fisheries Service -- National Sea Grant College Program -- FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE -- NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION -- REFERENCES -- Appendix D Sociocultural Aspects of Domestic Marine Aquaculture -- INTRODUCTION -- SCOPE AND METHODS -- MARINE AQUACULTURE PROMOTION AS AN EXAMPLE OF PLANNED CHANGE -- Understanding Adoption of Marine Aquaculture as an Enterprise -- Identifying Consumer Attitudes and Refining Marketing Strategies -- Identifying Unintentional and Long-Range Social Impacts -- ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES -- Oyster Growing in the State of Washington -- Salmon Ranching in Alaska -- Baitfish, Trout, and Yellow Perch in the Great Lakes -- Minnesota -- Michigan -- Texas Shrimp Farming -- Soft-Shell Crabs in Mid- and South Atlantic -- Salmon and Mussels in Maine -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- Appendix E Committee Member Biographies -- Appendix F Participants in Special Sessions -- INVITED GUESTS, COMMITTEE MEETING IN DAVIS, CALIFORNIA, MARCH 1990.

WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY MEETING, HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA, JUNE 1990 -- INVITED GUESTS, COMMITTEE MEETING IN HILTON HEAD, SOUTH CAROLINA, AUGUST 1990 -- AQUACULTURE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS AND EXPOSITION, VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA, SEPTEMBER 1990 -- Index.