Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- Glossary -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- V -- Z -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Humanitarian emergencies -- Definitions -- Types of humanitarian emergencies -- Phases of humanitarian emergencies -- Malaria -- Overview -- Parasites -- Vectors -- Epidemiology and population risk -- Importance of malaria in humanitarian emergencies -- Vulnerability and constraints -- Effective humanitarian response -- References -- Finding out more -- Chapter 2 Coordination -- Coordination mechanisms -- The cluster approach -- Coordination among partners -- Advocacy and resource mobilization -- Global and local advocacy considerations -- Resource mobilization -- Priorities and constraints -- Finding out more -- Chapter 3 Assessment and operational planning -- Assessment and information needs -- Essential and desirable information -- Sources of information -- Data collection -- Information on context and demographics -- Information on malaria transmission -- Information on malaria morbidity -- Information on malaria mortality -- Rapid epidemiological surveys -- Information on malaria outbreaks and control efforts -- Information on population knowledge and practices -- Assessing capacity to respond -- Information on health policy, planning, and services -- Operational planning -- Multisectoral planning -- Site planning -- Selecting vector control activities -- Selecting effective first-line antimalarial treatment -- Managing supplies of diagnostics, antimalarials, and other essential medicines -- Procurement and supply chain management -- Community outreach -- Finding out more -- Chapter 4 Surveillance -- Health surveillance in humanitarian emergencies -- Definition -- Surveillance approaches.

Planning malaria surveillance during humanitarian emergencies -- Collecting basic information -- Population size and structure -- Surveillance priorities in humanitarian emergencies -- Data collection -- Mortality surveillance -- Cause-specific mortality -- Causes of morbidity -- Malaria-specific surveillance needs -- Monitoring and evaluation -- Programme effectiveness indicators -- Other considerations when assessing indicators for surveillance -- Surveillance for other aspects of malaria control -- Drug efficacy surveillance -- Vector surveillance -- References -- Finding out more -- Chapter 5 Outbreaks -- Outbreak preparedness -- Determining epidemic risk -- Preparedness action plans -- Outbreak investigation -- Confirming the outbreak -- Describing the outbreak -- Outbreak response and follow-up -- Coordinate planning and implementation -- Choose a strategy -- Access to treatment -- Diagnostic testing -- Treatment -- Prevention -- Response review -- References -- Finding out more -- Chapter 6 Case management -- Initial assessment -- Operational aspects of case management -- Emergency triage -- Confirmatory malaria diagnosis -- Purpose of confirmatory diagnosis -- Light microscopy -- Rapid diagnostic tests -- Malaria treatment -- Choosing antimalarial drugs -- Managing uncomplicated falciparum malaria -- Supportive and ancillary care for uncomplicated malaria -- Managing treatment failures -- Managing severe falciparum malaria -- Adjunctive treatment of complications associated with severe malaria -- Supportive and ancillary care for patients with severe malaria -- Managing mixed Plasmodium infections -- Managing non-falciparum malaria -- Managing relapsing malaria infections -- Managing malaria in special groups -- Pregnant women -- Malnourished persons -- People living with HIV -- Displaced and returnee populations -- References.

Finding out more -- Chapter 7 Prevention -- Malaria prevention in humanitarian emergencies -- Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) -- Indoor residual spraying (IRS) -- IRS programme monitoring -- Chemoprevention -- Vaccination -- Prevention developed for displaced populations -- Prevention for specific circumstances -- Prevention methods that are not recommended -- Selecting and implementing prevention methods -- Selecting prevention interventions -- Planning malaria prevention activities -- Monitoring prevention activities -- Operational aspects of mosquito biology and behaviour -- Types of mosquito -- Mosquito life-cycle -- Mosquito behaviour -- Insecticide susceptibility -- References -- Finding out more -- Chapter 8 Community participation -- Principles for community participation -- Background -- Key messages -- Involving communities -- Identifying and coordinating with partners -- Risk communication -- Behaviour change communication (BCC) -- Understanding communities -- Working with communities to identify priority needs and activities -- Involving communities in information collection -- Involving the community in implementation -- Health communication in malaria control -- Establishing priorities -- Designing health communication -- Implementing health communication -- Monitoring and evaluation -- References -- Finding out more -- Chapter 9 Operational research and associated routine monitoring -- Importance of operational research in humanitarian emergencies -- Guiding principles for operational research in humanitarian emergencies -- Operational research areas -- Accurate diagnosis -- Effective treatment -- Effective prevention -- Alternative protection methods -- Effective and sustainable delivery -- Effective outbreak control -- Social and behavioural determinants of intervention uptake -- Economic research.

Operational research planning -- Planning operational research -- Designing operational research -- Selecting exposure and outcome measures -- Sampling -- Humanitarian research ethics -- Ethical review procedures -- Data collection and analysis -- Disseminating and using findings -- References -- Finding out more -- Annexes -- I: Sources and methods for collecting population data -- II: Methods for collecting retrospective mortality data -- III: Overview of methods for conducting rapid assessments of malaria transmission -- IV: Example malaria rapid prevalence data collection tool -- V: Checklist for effective response to malaria epidemics -- VI: Antimalarial treatment regimes -- VII: Assessment and treatment of danger signs -- VIII: Assessment of level of consciousness -- IX: Rapid qualitative assessment of social, economic, and cultural aspects of malaria -- X: Tube and cone assays for insecticide testing of adult mosquitoes -- XI: Example malaria outbreak form -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- L -- M -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- V -- Figures and tables -- Figures -- Figure 1.1 Malaria, countries or areas at risk of transmission, 2011 -- Figure 3.1 Assessing malaria risk -- Figure 4.1 Example: mortality surveillance reporting form -- Figure 4.2 Example: cause-specific mortality reporting form -- Figure 4.3 Example: cause-specific morbidity reporting form -- Figure 5.1 Epidemic malaria in Northwest Frontier Province Pakistan 2003 -- Figure 7.1 Example approaches to hanging LLINs indoors and outdoors -- Figure 7.2 Example compression sprayer -- Figure 7.3 Life-cycles of anopheline and culicine mosquitoes -- Boxes -- Box 4.1 Surveillance challenges after the Haiti earthquake, 2010 -- Box 4.2 Budgeting for surveillance -- Box 4.3 Classification of malaria treatment responses -- Box 5.1 Pakistan malaria outbreak.

Box 5.2 Outbreak response using mobile clinics in Burundi, 2009 -- Box 7.1 Evidence for ITPS prevention of malaria in an emergency setting in Sierra Leone -- Box 8.1 Importance of communicating and listening to community concerns -- Box 8.2 Importance of understanding local context -- Box 8.3 Involving traditional healers in case management in Cambodia -- Box 8.4 Caregivers as peer role models -- Box 8.5 Training community health educators in malaria prevention in refugee camps on the Myanmar-Thailand border -- Box 8.6 Training community health workers -- Box 9.1 Case-control study in Afghanistan -- Tables -- Table 1.1 Phases of humanitarian emergencies -- Table 1.2 Population displacement and risk of malaria in resettlement areas -- Table 2.1 Constraints in humanitarian emergencies -- Table 4.1 Useful indicators for malaria surveillance -- Table 4.2 Standardized malaria case definitions -- Table 6.1 Groups at high risk of severe malaria and mortality in all transmission areas -- Table 6.2 IMCI guidelines for the management of febrile children -- Table 6.3 Clinical features of uncomplicated and severe malaria -- Table 6.4 Comparison of microscopy and RDTs -- Table 6.5 Antigen targets of rapid diagnostic tests -- Table 6.6 Supportive treatment for patients with severe malaria -- Table 6.7 Managing complications of severe malaria -- Table 6.8 IPTp in areas of high malaria endemicity -- Table 7.1 Factors that may affect prevention approaches in humanitarian emergencies -- Table 7.2 WHO recommended LLINs -- Table 7.3 LLIN distribution by phase of emergency and level of transmission -- Table 7.4 Household aspects of indoor residual spraying -- Table 7.5 WHO-recommended insecticides for IRS against malaria vectors -- Table 7.6 Recommended insecticides for larval control of malaria vectors in humanitarian emergencies.

Table 7.7 Geographical issues to consider in selecting prevention activities.