Contents -- 1. Introduction -- Reference -- 2. Background -- 2.1 The global burden of chronic diseases -- 2.2 The double burden of diseases in the developing world -- 2.3 An integrated approach to diet-related and nutrition-related diseases -- References -- 3. Global and regional food consumption patterns and trends -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Developments in the availability of dietary energy -- 3.3 Availability and changes in consumption of dietary fat -- 3.4 Availability and changes in consumption of animal products -- 3.5 Availability and consumption of fish -- 3.6 Availability and consumption of fruits and vegetables -- 3.7 Future trends in demand, food availability and consumption -- 3.8 Conclusions -- References -- 4. Diet, nutrition and chronic diseases in context -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases through the life course -- 4.2.1 Fetal development and the maternal environment -- 4.2.2 Infancy -- 4.2.3 Childhood and adolescence -- 4.2.4 Adulthood -- 4.2.5 Ageing and older people -- 4.3 Interactions between early and later factors throughout the life course -- 4.3.1 Clustering of risk factors -- 4.3.2 Intergenerational effects -- 4.4 Gene-nutrient interactions and genetic susceptibility -- 4.5 Intervening throughout life -- References -- 5. Population nutrient intake goals for preventing diet-related chronic diseases -- 5.1 Overall goals -- 5.1.1 Background -- 5.1.2 Strength of evidence -- 5.1.3 A summary of population nutrient intake goals -- References -- 5.2 Recommendations for preventing excess weight gain and obesity -- 5.2.1 Background -- 5.2.2 Trends -- 5.2.3 Diet, physical activity and excess weight gain and obesity -- 5.2.4 Strength of evidence -- 5.2.5 General strategies for obesity prevention -- 5.2.6 Disease-specific recommendations -- References.

5.3 Recommendations for preventing diabetes -- 5.3.1 Background -- 5.3.2 Trends -- 5.3.3 Diet, physical activity and diabetes -- 5.3.4 Strength of evidence -- 5.3.5 Disease-specific recommendations -- References -- 5.4 Recommendations for preventing cardiovascular diseases -- 5.4.1 Background -- 5.4.2 Trends -- 5.4.3 Diet, physical activity and cardiovascular disease -- 5.4.4 Strength of evidence -- 5.4.5 Disease-specific recommendations -- References -- 5.5 Recommendations for preventing cancer -- 5.5.1 Background -- 5.5.2 Trends -- 5.5.3 Diet, physical activity and cancer -- 5.5.4 Strength of evidence -- 5.5.5 Disease-specific recommendations -- References -- 5.6 Recommendations for preventing dental diseases -- 5.6.1 Background -- 5.6.2 Trends -- 5.6.3 Diet and dental disease -- 5.6.4 Strength of evidence -- 5.6.5 Disease-specific recommendations -- References -- 5.7 Recommendations for preventing osteoporosis -- 5.7.1 Background -- 5.7.2 Trends -- 5.7.3 Diet, physical activity and osteoporosis -- 5.7.4 Strength of evidence -- 5.7.5 Disease-specific recommendations -- References -- 6. Strategic directions and recommendations for policy and research -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Policy principles for the promotion of healthy diets and physical activity -- 6.3 Prerequisites for effective strategies -- 6.3.1 Leadership for effective action -- 6.3.2 Effective communication -- 6.3.3 Functioning alliances and partnerships -- 6.3.4 Enabling environments -- 6.4 Strategic actions for promoting healthy diets and physical activity -- 6.4.1 Surveillance of people's diets, physical activity and related disease burden -- 6.4.2 Enabling people to make informed choices and take effective action -- 6.4.3 Making the best use of standards and legislation -- 6.4.4 Ensuring that "healthy diet" components are available to all.

6.4.5 Achieving success through intersectoral initiatives -- 6.4.6 Making the best of health services and the professionals who provide them -- 6.5 Call to action -- Reference -- Acknowledgements -- Annex: Summary of the strength of evidence for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, dental disease and osteoporosis.