Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- CHAPTER 1: Anatomy and Physiology -- Introduction -- Mammalian Cell Components -- Tissue Groups -- Tissue Growth -- Organs and Organ Systems -- Homeostasis -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Questions -- Chapter 1 Questions -- CHAPTER 2: The Cell -- Introduction -- Cell Structure -- Cell Membranes -- Membrane Transport -- Cellular Junctions -- Cell Cycle -- Cellular Division -- Cell Death -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Questions -- Chapter 2 Questions -- CHAPTER 3: Radiation Characteristics and Units -- Introduction -- Types of Ionizing Radiation -- EM Radiation -- Atoms and Isotopes -- Particulate Radiation -- Alpha Particles -- Electrons (Beta Particles) and Positrons -- Neutrons -- Protons -- Radiation Units: Traditional and Modern -- Exposure -- Absorbed Dose -- Equivalent Dose -- Effective Dose -- Activity -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Questions -- Chapter 3 Questions -- CHAPTER 4: Radiation Interactions with Tissue -- Introduction -- Charged Particle Interactions -- EM Radiation Interactions -- Photoelectric Effect -- Compton Scattering -- Pair Production -- Neutrons -- Specific Ionization -- Linear Energy Transfer (LET) -- Path and Range of Charged Particles -- Half-Value Layer (HVL) (Photons) -- Effects on Tissue -- Direct Action -- Indirect Action -- The Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) of High- versus Low-LET Radiations -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Questions -- Chapter 4 Questions -- CHAPTER 5: Cell Survival Curves -- Introduction -- The In Vitro Survival Curve -- Cell Survival Curves: Description of Experimental Method -- Cell Survival Curves: Quantification -- Plating Efficiency -- Surviving Fraction -- Surviving Fraction versus Dose: The Cell Survival Curve -- Modeling the Shape of the Survival Curve -- Single-Target/Single-Hit Model.

Multitarget Model (also "Two-Component Model" or "Dq, D0, and n Model") -- The Significance of the Multitarget Parameters -- LQ or α/β Model -- Application of the Multitarget and LQ Models in Radiobiology -- Factors Affecting the Shape of Survival Curves -- The Shoulder Region: Multihit Cell Killing Mechanisms and Cell Repair -- Survival Curve Shape and LET -- Chemicals -- Oxygen: An Important Radiosensitizer -- Radioprotectors -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Questions -- Chapter 5 Questions -- CHAPTER 6: DNA and Genetics -- Introduction -- History -- DNA Structure -- DNA Functions -- DNA Replication and Repair -- Genome -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Questions -- Chapter 6 Questions -- CHAPTER 7: Radiation Damage and Repair of Cells -- Introduction -- DNA Strand Breaks -- DNA Damage versus Mutation -- Chromosomes and Cell Division -- Lethal Radiation-Induced Aberrations -- Nonlethal Aberrations -- The Bystander Effect -- Radiosensitivity and the Mitotic Cycle -- Classifications of Radiation Damage and Repair -- Evidence of Repair from Split Doses and Fractionation -- Evidence of Repair from the Dose-Rate Effect -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Questions -- Chapter 7 Questions -- CHAPTER 8: Normal and Malignant Cells -- Introduction -- Normal Cells -- Normal Cells Exhibit Genetic Stability -- Normal Cell Death -- Normal Cell Replication Requires an External Growth Signal -- Normal Cells Obey Antigrowth Signals at Tissue Borders -- Normal Tissues Have Their Own Blood Supply -- Normal Cells Are Limited to about 60 Reproductive Cycles -- Normal Cells Retain Their Organization -- Cancer Cells and Their Characteristics -- The Characteristics of Cancer Cells -- Cancer Cells Exhibit Genetic Instability -- Cancer Cells Evade Apoptosis -- Cancer Cells Ignore Antigrowth Signals -- Cancer Cells Generate Their Own Internal Growth Signals.

Cancer Cells Ignore Antigrowth Signals at Boundaries -- Cancer Cells Generate Their Own Blood Supply (Angiogenesis) -- Cancer Cells Reproduce Indefinitely -- Cancer Cells Metastasize -- Cancer Cells Lose Their Cell Type or Differentiation -- Cancer Grade -- Traditional Hypothesis of Cancer Development -- The Random Multimutation Hypothesis of Cancer Development -- The Master Gene Hypothesis of Cancer Development -- The Aneuploidy or Multichromosome Hypothesis of Cancer Development -- Predictions Regarding Treatment -- Traditional and Random Multimutation Hypotheses -- Predictions Regarding the Master Gene Hypothesis -- Predictions Regarding the Excess Aneuploidy Hypothesis -- Radiation and Cancer -- Summary and Important Points -- Bibliography -- Questions -- Chapter 8 Questions -- CHAPTER 9: Radiation Effects on Tissues and Organs -- Latent Period -- Deterministic and Stochastic Radiation Damage -- Stochastic Effects -- Radiation Effects on Tissues -- Bladder -- Blood and Blood Vessels -- Bone -- Brain -- Breast -- Esophagus -- Eye -- Fetus -- Genetically Significant Dose (GSD) -- Heart Damage due to Radiation -- Intestine -- Kidneys -- Liver -- Lungs -- Rectum, Bladder, and Prostate -- Reproductive Organs, Ovaries, and Testicles -- Skin -- Spinal Cord -- Thyroid -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Questions -- Chapter 9 Questions -- CHAPTER 10: Whole Body Radiation Effects -- Introduction -- Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) -- Mean Lethal Dose (LD50) -- Clinical Syndromes of ARS -- Hematopoietic Syndrome -- Gastrointestinal Syndrome -- Neurovascular Syndrome (Central Nervous System) -- Stages of ARS -- Prodromal Stage -- Latent Stage -- Manifest Illness Stage -- Recovery or Death -- Bystander Effect -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Questions -- Chaper 10 Questions -- CHAPTER 11: Radiation Treatment of Cancer -- The Four Rs of Radiation Oncology.

Cell Survival Curves and Fractionation -- Fractionation -- Hyperfractionation -- Hypofractionation or Continuous Radiation -- Complications from Radiation Therapy -- Techniques Used to Treat Cancer -- External Beam Treatment -- Brachytherapy or Implant Therapy -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Questions -- Chapter 11 Questions -- CHAPTER 12: Radiation Biology of Diagnostic Imaging -- Diagnostic Procedures -- Fluoroscopy -- Mammography -- Computerized Tomography (CT) -- Radiobiology of Radiographic Imaging -- Skin -- Reproductive Organs -- Eye -- Thyroid -- Female Breast -- Patient Concerns and Questions -- Summary of Diagnostic X-ray Radiation Effects -- Bibliography -- Questions -- Chapter 12 Questions -- CHAPTER 13: Nuclear Medicine Radiation Biology -- Introduction -- Isotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals -- Radioactive Decay -- External Dosimetry -- Internal Dosimetry -- Half-Life and Cumulated Activity -- The Biological Half-Life and Effective Half-Life -- Medical Internal Radiation Dosimetry (MIRD) -- Fetal Dose -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Questions -- Chapter 13 Questions -- CHAPTER 14: Environmental Radiation -- Introduction -- Natural Background Radiation Sources -- Inhalation Sources -- Internal Sources -- Cosmic Radiation -- Primordial and Terrestrial -- Man-Made Radiation -- Occupational Exposure -- Smokers -- Medical Radiation Exposure -- Benefits of Radiation -- Risk of Typical Radiation Exposures -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Questions -- Chapter 14 Questions -- CHAPTER 15: Regulations and Risk -- Introduction -- Expressions of Risk -- Organizations -- Sources of Data -- Dose-Response Models -- Sunk Cost Bias -- Radiation Protection Recommendations and Regulations -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Questions -- Chapter 15 Questions -- CHAPTER 16: Biological Effects of Ultrasound -- Introduction -- Ultrasound Properties and Procedures.

Properties of Ultrasound Waves -- Ultrasound Imaging Equipment -- Biological Effects of Ultrasound Waves -- Ultrasound Regulations -- Other Types of Medical Ultrasound Procedures -- Summary of Radiation Effects of Ultrasound -- Safety Statement -- Bibliography -- Questions -- Chapter 16 Questions -- CHAPTER 17: Biological Effects of Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- Topics -- Introduction -- Basic Principles of MRI -- Biological Effects of MRI -- Main Magnet: Static Magnetic Field and Field Gradient Effects -- The RF Coil: Oscillating Magnetic Field Effects -- Imaging Field Gradients: Time-Varying Magnetic Field Effects -- Implanted Medical Devices -- Other Considerations -- Conclusions -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Questions -- Chapter 17 Questions -- Answers to Odd-Numbered Questions -- Chapter 1 Answers -- Chapter 2 Answers -- Chapter 3 Answers -- Chapter 4 Answers -- Chapter 5 Answers -- Chapter 6 Answers -- Chapter 7 Answers -- Chapter 8 Answers -- Chapter 9 Answers -- Chapter 10 Answers -- Chapter 11 Answers -- Chapter 12 Answers -- Chapter 13 Answers -- Chapter 14 Answers -- Chapter 15 Answers -- Chapter 16 Answers -- Chapter 17 Answers -- Index.